HEN-HAWK. 758 HENLEY. of the tail, which hag a blackish cross-band near the end. The under surface of the body is butfy white, the belly marked with dark streaks. Young specimens show a dark zone across the lower part of the breast, and from six to ten regular dark bands across the gray tail. West- ern specimens vary a good deal, and were de- scribed as separate species by early writers. The majority of them leave the Northern States in winter, and migrate in large (locks. They build their nests in tall trees. Their food includes all the mammals from the size of a squirrel down- ward, and all sorts of birds from grouse and rails to sparrows; but this larger game is far outnumbered by tlie smaller gophers, mice, frogs, insects, and carrion >ipon which they principally subsist. Fisher declares that it has been demon- strated by careful examination of stomachs that poultry and game birds do not constitute more than 10 per cent, of the food of this bird. Eed-Siiouldered H.wk. This species (Buteo lineatiis) is rather less in size than the redtail, and generally more reddish in plumage, especially bright on the shoulders, while the lower parts (whitish in the young) are everywhere rusty in color, transversely barred with a darker tint. The tail is black, covered by about six bands of white. It is a rather heavy, sluggish bird, and lives throughout the year south of the Great Lakes, frequenting lowlands and marshes, except in the spring, when it retires to the woods for breeding purposes. The great tree-built nest is often begun before the end of February. This hawk's diet is exceedingly varied, and includes a larger proportion of frogs and snakes than the redtail's. It preys principally on mice, however, and almost never attacks poultry, so that its reputation as a hen-hawk is undeserved. On the contrary, its work is of the highest benefit to farmers, who should carefvilly preserve it. A similar species, Swainson's hawk, of the Western interior, is equally beneficial and worthy of pro- tection because of the great numbers of gophers, locusts, and the like it kills at all seasons. Chicken-Hawks. Under this head may be men- tioned a few of the smaller destructive falcons. The goshawk and gyrfalcon (qq.v. ) are so rare that the harm resulting from them is small. The sharp-shinned hawk {Accipitcr I'clox) is a true falcon, and inhabits all of North America, mi- grating annually from the northern districts to the warmer, parts. It is about a foot long. Its pointed wings stretch about two feet, and they enable it to fly with extreme swiftness and power. In color it is uniformly grayish above, darker on the crown, and the tail is crossed by several black- ish bands; below, the surface is white, with breast and sides barred dusky or rufous. It takes its name from the sharp front of the tarsi. Its courage and boldness are admirable, but they are unfortunately directed mainly against birds, which constitute almost all of its food. Where it settles on a farm it lives upon young chickens, since these are more easily caught than wild birds; and it stays in the neighborhood until it is killed or the supply of poultry is exhausted. It is to be noted in its favor, however, that it preys persistently upon the English sparrows. Cooper's hawk (Accipitcr Coopcri) is nearly twice as large as the sharpshin, but closely resembles it in color. It is not found much north of the Saint Lawrence and Saskatchewan valleys, and in winter retreats south of the middle part of the United States. Like the sharpshin, it feeds mainly upon birds, and is destructive to English sparrows and poul- try, with a special fondness for domestic pigeons. Tliese two smaller falcons, and certain owls, are responsible for most of the evil reputation at- taching to the hawk tribe in the minds of un- discriminating poultry-keepers. BlBLiouBAPHY. Fishei', Hawks and Owls of the Viiilcd States (Washington, 1893). HENKE, henk'e, Heineich Philipp Konrad (1752-1809). A German Protestant ecclesiastical historian, born at Hehlen. lie was educated at Brunswick and at Helmstedt, where in 1778 he became professor of theology. He is best known as author of a valuable AUgeineine Geschichte der cUristlichen Kirche (1795-1806). Consult the biography by Wolff and Bollmann (Helmstedt, 1816). — His youngest son, Ernst Ludwig Theo- DOR Henke (1804-72), born at Helmstedt, was also a Church historian. In 1833 he became pro- fessor at Jena, and in 1843 at Marburg, where six years afterwards he was appointed supervisor of the Theological Seminary. His worlcs include: (leorg Calixtus und seine Zeit (1853-60) ; Papst Pius VII. (1860); and Konrad von Marburg (1861). For his biography, consult Mangold (Marburg, 1879). HENLE, hen'le, Friedrioh Gustav Jakob (1809-85). A German physiologist and anato- mist, born at Fiirth. He studied at Bonn and Heidelberg (1827-32), and then became assistant to Rudolphi in the anatomical museum at Berlin, and in 1834 demonstrator of anatomy under Johann Miiller. Three years later he became pri- vat-docent in Berlin, and made a specialty of mi- croscopic anatomy and pathology'. From 1840 to * 1844 he was professor of anatomy and physiology at Zurich, and in the latter year went to Heidel- berg as professor of anatomy. At this time he wrote Handbuch der rationeUen Pathologie (3d ed. 1855). which put him in the first rank of the members of the rational-physiological school. His most important work was Handbuch der systema- tischen Anatomie des Menschen (3d ed. 1876-79), in connection with which he issued Anatomischer Handatlas zum Gebrauch itn Scciersaal (3d ed. 1895-96). Henle's other works include: Patholo- pische Vntersuchungen (1840); Handbuch der aUgemeinen Anatomie (1841); Grundriss der Anatomie des Menschen, mit Atlas (4th ed. 1901). He also wrote yearly reviews on pathol- ogv' and anatomy for Miiller's Archiv (1838-42), and on anatomv in general in Cannstatt's Jahres- hericht (1844-55). In 1841 he founded with Pfeufer the Zeitschrift fiir rationelle Medizin. For his life, consult Merkel (Brunswick, 1891). HENIiEY, John (1692-1756), commonly known as Orator Henley. An eccentric English clergj'man. son of Rev. Simon Henley. He was born at Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, and edu- cated at Saint John's College. Cambridge. While an undergraduate, he sent a witty letter to the Spectator (1712). After leaving the university, he became headmaster of the grammar school of his native town. He was also ordained, and held for some time a curacy there. In 1714 he pub- lished a rhetorical poem entitled Esther, Queen of Persia. He also compiled at this period a grammar of seven languages called Tlie Complete Linguist (1719-21). Removing to London, he was appointed reader at the Church of Saint Joseph the JIartyr. He found it agreeable to re-
