HENRY I. 763 HENRY IV. with the Danes and with some SUiv tribes, whom he utterly defeated. In 933 I lie Hun- garians demanded as usual the tribute wliicn iiad till then been puni-tually paid, and when it was refused invaded Thuringia with 11 great army. Henry defeated them so de- cisively that they did not again enter Ger- many for some years, and were never again seen in the northern duehies. In 934 Hciuy fought against the Danes and compelled their King to pay tribute. In the internal allairs uf the realm he acted with great precaution and judgment. The dukes by this time had become so powerful that there was some danger of their altogether overshadowing the throne. Instead of directly forcing them to submission, as was afterwards done by his son Otho, he attached them to his interests by confirming them in many of their rights, and by acting as a mediator in their disputes. Toward the close of his life his position was so secure that he resolved to go to Rome either on a pilgrimage or to claim the Imperial crown; but he died of apojilexy. .Tnly 2, 930. Consult W'aitz, J uhrhiicher des dcul.'!c)wn lieichs vnter Heinrich 1. (3d ed., Leipzig, 188.5). HENRY II. {c.973-1024). Holy Roman Em- peror from 1002 to 1024. He was the son of Henry the Quarrelsome, Duke of Bavaria, and a great-grandson of Henry I. (q.v. ). He was in Italy with Otho III. in 1001, and upon the latter's death, in January, 1002, hastened to secure pos- session of the Imperial power, with the aid of the Archbishop of Mainz. He was crowned at 3Iainz, June 3. 1002. His most determined enemy during the greater part of his reign was Boleslas ■Chrobry (the Brave) of Poland, who annexed Bohemia, and during the King's absence in Italy, in 1004, invaded Lusatia and Meissen. Henry Iiurried back, defeated Boleslas in 100.5, and granted Bohemia as a fief to .Jarouiir, of the native House of the Premyslidcs. Boleslas, how- ever, continued the war, which was not ended until 1018. when Henrj' was obliged to conclude peace on terms favorable to the Polish King. In the midst of this struggle he had to make "war on Adalboro. his wife's brother, who had seized the Archbishopric of Treves, and was pro- tected in his claim by another brother of the Em- press, the Duke of Bavaria. Both were overcome and deprived of their dignities, although Bavaria was ultimately restored to the elder of the two brothers. Henry also put down rebellions in Flanders and Meissen, and concluded, in 1007, a treaty with Rudolph III. of Burgundy, whereby, after Rudolph's death, his territories were to be united to Germany. In 1013 Henry went for the second time to Italy, where Arduin had raised himself to the throne. The usirper was dis- placed, and in 1014 Henry was crowned Em- peror at Rome by Benedict VIII., whom he had confirmed in the Papal See in opposition to the Antipope Gregory. At the request of Benedict the Emperor returned to Italy in 1022, in order to drive back the Greeks, who were steadily pressing northward. Henry died July 13, 1024, and was canonized by Pope Eugenius III. in 1146. His wife, Kunigunde, was also ranked among "the saints. Henry founded the Bishopric of Bam- berg, which was given very great privileges, and "which the Pope took under his immediate pro- tection. Consult Hirsch and Bresslau, Jahrbucher Vol. IX.— 49. rfc's dcutsclicn llcichs untcr llciiirich II. (Leip- zig, 1802-75). HENRY III. (1017-50). Holy Roman Em- peror from 1039 to 1050. He l)elonged to the Eranconian or Salic line, and was the son of Conrad II. He was crowned Duke of Bavaria in 1027, King of the (iermans as successor presumj)- tive to his fntber, 1028, Duke of Swabia and King of Burgundy in 1038, and became King of Germany at his father's death, in 1039. Henry possessed great natural abilities, had been edu- cated with the utmost care, and succeeded to an exceptionally strong dominion. . The four duchies of Franconia, Swabia, Bavaria, and Carinthia were at first in his own hands, and two only, Saxony and Lorraine, had semi-independent dukes. Under him the German Enqiire attained to very great power. Poland was .a sulijcct principality, the Bohemian Duke was compelled to become Henry's vassal in 1041, and for a time the King of Hungary acknowledged his overlordship. In Italy Drogo, the Norman, became his vassal for Apulia. In 104G Henry made his first expedi- tion to Italy, summoned to end the troubles caused by the three rival popes, Benedict IX., Gregory VI., and Sylvester 111. All three were deposed. Henry was asked to appoint a new Pope, and during the remainder of his reign the occupants of the Papal chair were nominated by him. He was crowned Emjieror at Christmas, 1046. From this time on, however, Henry was compelled constantly to face revolts in ditlerent parts of his dominions. The revolt of Godfrey in Lorraine proved exceedingly formidable, but Henry ultimately triumphed. He died on OcIoIkt 5, 1050. Henry was deeply devoted to the Cluirch, and earnestly endeavored to reform the clerg^'. He aided the Papacy in securing the power which was to be so dangerous to his son : but during his life the popes and the Emperor worked- in har- mony to cheek the abuses in the Church. Con- sult: SteindorIT, Jahrbiirhcr drs dcutsclicn Rrichs vnter Tlciiiiich III. (Leipzig, 1874-81) ; Giese- brecht, Gescliichte drr detitschen Kaiserzeit, vol. ii. (5th ed., Leipzig, 1885). HENRY IV. (1050-1100). Holy Roman Em- peror from 1050 to 1100. He was the son of Henry III., and was born November 11, 1050. He had been crowned in 1054, and although only six years old at his father's death, was recognized at once as King of Germany, Italy, and Bnr- gund.y, his mother, Agnes of Poitou, ruling in his name. Henry III. had exercised great power over the Church and had greatly strengthened the Papacy: in Germany he had lield the nobles in subjugation agaiifst their will. Now both the CliunOi and the iinblcs seized the opportunity to achieve their inde])endence. The brother of (Jod- frey of Lorraine (see Hkxry III.) was elected Pope as Stephen IX.. and fJodfrey was made Im- perial vicar in Italy. Agnes was not strong enough to rule efTectively. She was forced to cede Lorraine to Godfrey, and to bestow upon the most powerful of the nobles the three great siiiitbern duchies of .Swabia, Bavaria, and Ca- rinthia. thus undoing the work of Conrad IT. (q.v.). Her autluuity was not recognized in Italy. Even the bishops in (icrmany. who had been the chief instruments of her husband, de- serted her. In 1002 Anno, .rchbi.shop of Cologne, seized Henry by treachery and governed in his
