HEPATICiE. 786 HEPH^STION. gated like a slender peapod, grows continuously in length, is green, and splits into two valves. The liverworts are thought to have been de- rived from certain green algff, and among them there is the first clear example of alternation of generations (q.v. ). The thallus body is the sexual generation (gametophyte, q.v.), since it bears the sex organs. The fertilized egg produced by these sex organs develops a very different body, namely the spore-case, which is the sexless generation ( sporophyte, q.v. ) . The spores upon germination produce the thallus body or gametophyte again, and so the alterna- tion continues. The structure of the sex organs is also of interest, since they are Very different from those of the alg:B from which the groiip has come. The male organ (antheridium, q.v.), a many-celled body, consists of a wall of sterile cells within which very numerous sperm-produc- ing cells occur. These sperms, which are of definite structure, have just two motile cilia. VERTICAL SECTION OP 8POROGONIUM OP PORELLA, Btill within the calyptra, and showing the globular spore region. The female organ (archegonium, q.v.), which is very characteristic, is a flask-shaped body, within the bulbous base of which a single large egg is formed. How this archegonium of the liverworts has been derived from the far simpler female organs of algfe is one of the important botanical problems. In any event, it continues to be the cliaraeteristie female organ through mosses, ferns, and gymnosperms. (See CHLOROPnTCE.E.) Fossil liverworts, allied to the modern genus Marehantia, are found rarely in the Eocene shales and in the Oligocene amber of Europe. See plate of Bryophytes. HEP'ATI'TIS (Neo-Lat., from Gk. ^Trop, he- par, liver). Inflammation of the liver. See Liver, Diseases of. HEP'BUKN, James. See Bothwell, James Hepburn, Earl of. HEPBTJKN, .James Curtis (1815—). An American medical missionary and scholar; born at Milton, Pa. He was educated at the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University) , where lie graduated in 1832. He studied medicine in the Medical Department of the University of Pennsylvania, and received his degree of M.D. in 1836. In 1840 he offered his services as a medical missionary to the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions, and in the following year he sailed with his wife for Siam. His destination was afterwards changed to China, five new ports having been opened there by the treaty of 1842. He arrived at Amoy, one of the newly opened ports, in 1843, and labored in lliat field until 1846, when, on account of impaired health, lie resigned and returned to New York City. Here he was a successful practitioner until the open- ing of Japan in 1859, when he again volunteered for service. In that year he went to Yokoliama and engaged in such medical and evangelistic work as could then be carried on in view of the hostile attitude of the Government to Christian- ity. He mastered the language, and in 1867 brought out his Japanese-English and English- Japanese Dictionar.y, a work of great learning which has remained the standard dictionary until the present day. In 1873 an abridged edition was publislied in New York. Dr. Hepburn took a leading part in the translation of the Scriptures into Japanese. His medical work included the training of many young Japanese as physicians. In 1802 he published a valuable Dictimmry of the Bible in .Tapanese, and in the same year re- tired, and made his home in East Orange, N. J. HEPBURN, Sir John (c.1598-1636). A Scotch soldier of fortune, born at Athel.staneford, and probably educated at Saint Leonard's College, Saint Andrews. He fought under Gray in Bo- hemia (1620) ; and under Mansfeldt in Holland (1622). Subsequently he served in the army of Gustavus Adolphus. and entered the French Army in 1033. After two years of brilliant fighting in Lorraine, and at the sieges of Hagenau and Saverne. be was killed. He was a Catholic and a prime favorite with Richelieu. HEPHiESTION, he-fes'ti-on (Lat., from Gk. 'H<pai.(TT[wi>, HeiihnistiOit) (c.357-324 B.C.). A Macedonian courtier, known as the friend of Alexander the Great. The two are said to have been companions in childhood; but further than this we do not hear of Hephsestion till B.C. 334, when Alexander visited Troy. Hephaestion is there said to have performed the same service at the grave of Patrocliis as Alexander performed at that of Achilles. After that time the two were close friends. In his campaigns Alexander often gave HephiEstion important conunissions, and he rewarded him with a golden crown and the hand of Drypetis. daughter of Darius and sister to his own wife, Statira. When, in B.C. 324, Hephaestion died at Ecbatana. the grief of Alexander was ex- travagant. He sent to inquire of .Tupiter Ammon how he should honor his dead friend, and was told to offer sacrifice to him as a hero. The funeral was one of the grandest recorded in his- tory. A funeral pyre was erected at Babylon at a cost of over 10.000 talents, and temples were built in honor of Hcphoestion in many places. HEPH.ffiSTION. An Alexandrian gramma- rian of the second century A.D.. tutor to the Emperor Verus. He was the author of a work on prosody in forty-eight books, of which he himself made several abridgments. The manual on metres entitled 'EKxei/JiSioi' Trepl iiirpuv {En-
