HEKALDKY. 795 HERALDRY. iiials. The lion passant gardant is often blazoned as the lion of England, and at a time when terms of blazonry were comparatively few it was con- founded with the leopard, and hence the lion passant and rampant fjardant came to be called respectively the Uon-kopardc and Icoimrd-lionne, UOH'S (SAME uonS paws hoofs are said to be armed in respect to them. The heads and limbs of animals are often borne as charges, and they may be either cok/k'/. cnt olf in a straiglit lino, or cniscd, cut off with a jagged edge. When the head is borne without any part of the neck, and full faced, it is >aid to be c«- hoclud or ciihofilird. W lien the hair of an animal is of a different tincture from the body the ani- mal is .said to be crincd of this color. Animals, as well as other common charges, are usually u presented in a purely conventional manner, and frequently bear no resemblance to the object for which they are named. Of liirds, there is the eaf/lc, which was, next to the linn, the most favorite cognizance of royal personages, and was adopted l)y thi' Cernian em- perors, who claimed to be successors of the C'ajsars of Rome. The Imperial eagle had at first hut one head; the monstrosity of a second head seems to have arisen from a dimidiation of two eagles, to represent the Eastern and Western empires. (See section Murslialiii;/ of Anns.) The eagle of heraldry is most generally f/is/j/rti/Cf?, i.e. its wings are expanded; sometimes it is pret/lnr/, or standing devouring its prey. The (illerion, the eognizance of the Ducliv of Lorraine Two lions may be depicted: ranijiant combatant, i.e. face to face; or rampant addorsed, placed back to back, or count er-piiasant. i.e. passing the contrary way to each other. The lion is said to be naissant when he appears to be rising out of the centre of an ordinary. Among leonine monsters we have two-headed lions, bicorporate and tri-corporate lions, lion-dragons, and lion- poissons. There is also the Bohemian lion, with two tails, and the more celebrated winged lion ■of Saint Mark, adopted by the Republic of Venice. Two or more lions borne on one shield are sometimes (though never when on a royal coat) blazoned linncels. Bears, boars, bulls, and stags are favorite heral- dic beasts. A stag walking is said to be trippant ; when lying down with his head erect he is lodged; when running he is cournnt : he is of gaze when a lion would be statant -gardant ; he is attired of any tincture when his horns are of that tincture. The animals that possess horns and Vol. IX.— 51. and the family of Montmorency, was originally but a synonym for the eagle (assumed, |«Mhaps, as an anagram for the word Lorraine), but modern heralds have degraded it into a nonde- script creature without beak or feet. The martlet was originally a martin, which has also in course of time been deprived by heralds of its legs and
