GOSZCZYNSKI. 65 GOTHA. dernian and French) ; Krol /.(imczyska {1S47) : Odd'I'uii'icw ~ czamw Polculaica Chiobniiu (1S.J2); and Poshtnic do I'olski. (18G9). I'lo also prepared an excellent translation of Ossian. GOT, go, Francois Edmond (1822-li)01). An actor of the Coniedie Francaise, where he made his appearance in 1844. He was born at Ligne- rolles (Orne), and educated at the Lycce Char- lemagne. After a short time spent as a Govern- ment clerk he entered the Conservatoire in 1841, where in the two following years he carried ofl successively the second and first prizies. He was elected a member of the company at the Theatre Frangais six years after his debut, while he speedily rose to the first rank as a comic actor. His subsequent career was spent chiefly at the 'House of MoliSre,' but in 1866 by special arrangement he played in Emile Augier's Vontaf/ion at the Odeon, and afterwards 'starred' in this piece in various provincial cities. One of his most popular creations was Giboyer in Leg effront^s, and Le fls de Giboyer, a part to which he devoted himself for two years. M. Got was the author of the liljretto of Friincois Villon, which was rendered at the Opera in 18.57, and of L'Esclave (1874). His golden jubilee at the Theatre Francais was celebrated in 1894, and he made his farewell appearance in 1895. He died in Passy. GOTA-ELF, ye'tA-elf {elf, Dano-Norwegian elv. river). The outlet of Lake Vener (q.v.), in Sweden, forming ith its upper course, the Klar-Elf, the largest river system of the Scandi- navian peninsula. The Klar-Elf rises among the KJiilen Mountains a short distance from the Norwegian boundary, and on the l)Oundary be- tween Svearike and Norrland, and flows south- east as a violent mountain torrent, first through a part of Norway, where it is called the Faniund- Elv. and then through the Swedish Liin of Verm- land, where it empties into Lake Venern at Karlstad. Leaving I^ake Venern at its south- western corner, the Gota-Elt proper flows in a southwest direction, and empties by two arms into the Cattegat at the citv of Goteborg. The length of the Giita-Elf is OS iniles, but the whole length of the river, including the Klar-Elf, is 440 miles. The river forms a number of falls or rapids, of which the famous Trollhatta (witch's cap) in the GiJta-Elf proper, a few miles below Venern, is the largest, and is one of the most picturesque rapids in the world. Navigation has been made possible past the Trollhatta bj' means of a canal, which through Lake Venern con- nects with the Gota Canal, constructed in 1810- 32 at a cost of over 1.5.000,000 kroner, and which opens up a continuous waterway by way of Lake Vettern from the Cattegat to the Baltic Sea through the heart of Sweden, GOTAMA, go'ta-ma. An early Hindu phi- losoplier and logician. He is the reputed author of the XyOya-fintras, or apliorisms of logic, which form the basis of the Nyaya system of philoso- phy (q.v.). The date of Gotama is qiiite uncer- tain; Western scholars tend to place his found- ing of the Nyaya system after rather than before the Christian Era; but the Hindu view inclines to make Gotama as old as the fourth century B.C. With such problems are con- nected also the discussion started by Sir Wil- liam Jones, who attributed the development of the syllogism by Aristotle to the influence of Go- tama's writings upon tireece. This view 13 strongl.v ciinlruverted by other scholars, who seek to maintain the reverse of this proposition. As an .ippellative Gotama is a very (dd name in India; one of the Vedic seers was called (iotama and bore the patronymic Itahngana. From Go- tama descended the family of the Gautamas, Buddha also was known as Gautama Bnddlia (q.v.), or in the Pali form as Gotama liuddlia. GOTARIKE, ye't^i-re'ke, or GOTHLAND (Swell., Kingdom of the Goths), One of the three historical divisions of Sweden, occupying the southern part of the coimtry and divided into 12 liins. Its total area is 35,783 square miles, and its population, in 1890, was 2,595,236; in 1900. 2.690.233. GOTEBORG, ve'tf-b6r-v', GOTHENBURG, or GOTTENBURG, Capital of the Liin of GO- teborg and Holms, and, next to Stockholm, the most important city of Sweden, situated on the river Gota, four miles from its mouth (Map: Sweden, E 8), The town is semicircular in form, and lies in a plain surrounded by hills. The newer .sections are built on the hills; the lower portion along the river has broad streets, partly formed by canals, and lined with trees. In the centre of the town are the Gustav Adolf s Torg, or market-place, containing a statue of Gustavus .doIphus; the exchange; and the town hall. Other noteworthy buildings are the cathedral, the Governor's palace, and the arsenal. The edu- cational facilities of the town comprise a gymna- sium ; technical, commercial, and nautical schools ; a municipal library of 100,000 volumes; a mu- seum with fine archieological, zoological, and industrial collections; and a .scientific society, founded in 1778. The system of protection against fire, and the water-supply, are good; the streets are lighted by gas and electricity. Street railways and omnibuses traverse the tOAvn. Cotton-spinning and ship-building, iron and steel milling are among the manufacturing in- dustries. Other important products are sugar, porter, paper, sailcloth and leather; the town stands preeminent in Sweden on account of its commerce. Its harbor, recently enlarged, is rarely blocked by ice, and affords a shelter for a large number of vessels from all parts of the world. The largest exports are pig and wrought iron, steel, zinc, manganese, lumber, matches, oats, fish, and pork. Among the imports are sugar, coft'ee, grain, cotton and cotton goods, and coal. Goteborg receives about one-fonrth of the total foreign commerce of Sweden. The United States is represented by a consul. Population, in 1840, 26,084; in 189(i, 104,057; in 1900, 130,- 619. GiUeborg was founded on its present site in 1019 by Gustavus Adolphus. GOTHA, gfi'ta. The capital of the Duchy of Gotha and the second residence of the dukes of iSaxe-Coburg-Gotha, -situated on the Leina Canal, 17 miles by rail southwest of Erfurt (Map- Germany, D 3). Gotha is a well-built, pleasant city, ne.ar the northern edge of the Thuringian Forest. It is composed of the old town and four modern suburbs separated from it by promenades. The finest biiilding is the Ducal Palace of Friedenstein, situated on an eminence south of the old town. It is an ox- tensive building, with two massive towers, erected in 1043 by Ernest the Pious. It is surrounded by promenades and a park, and contains a library
