HERBART. 801 HERBERT. called the apperceiving ideas, and the new ideas are faid to be appereeived. The problem of edu- cation is to present such new ideas as can be most easily appereeived, i.e. incorporated with the old ideas to form knowledge. The central principle of all Herbarl's roasoniiij:; is the abstract law of contradiction, interpreted meta- physically. That is, nothinj; can be ultimately real of which two contradictory predicates can be asserted. To predicate unity and nuiltiplicity of an object is to predicate contradictions. Hence ultimate reality must be absolutely unitary and without multiplicity, hence also without change. Herbart's inlluence has been great both in ])hil- osophical and pedagogical lines. Among promi- nent Herbartians of recent times and of the pres- ent day may be mentioned JI. A. Drobisch, O. riiigel. G. Hartenstein. M. Lazarus, H. Stein- thal. L. Striimpell, W.F. Volkmann, T. Waitz, and R. Zimmcrmann. In America there is a Herbart Society, of which Prof. Charles De Garmo is the leading spirit, and which issues an important Year-Book. Herlmrtian bibliography is very extensive. For the life of Herbart, con- sult: Hartenstein, in the introduction to his TJrrhnrls kicincre philosnphische Hchrifien iind Ahhnndlungen (Leipzig, 1842) ; Allihn, "Ueber das Leben und die Schriften J. F. Herbarts," in Zeitschrift fiir cracte Philosopliic (Leipzig. ISliO). which contains a bibliography; Hennig. J. F. Herbart (Leipzig, 1877). For an account or for criticism of his views, consult: Lotze, "Ueber Herbarts Ontologie," in Zeitschrift fiir Pliiloso- phie (Leipzig, 1843); Fechner. Zur Kritik drr (Irundlar/en von Herbarts iletaphjisik (ib., 1853) ; kaftan. Soil und Sein (ib.. 1872) ; Lipps, Zur Herbart'schen Ontologie (Bonn, 1874); .lust. Die Fortbilduuri der Kant'schen Ethik ditrch Herbart (Eisenach. 1870) : Wigget, Pesta- U):zi und Herbart (Leipzig. 1891); De Garmo, Herbart and the Herbartians (Xew York, 1805) ; Adams, The Herbartian Pspcholopy Applied to Edueation (Boston, 1808) ; also the various writ- ings of the Herbartians mentioned above. HERB BENNETT. An aromatic herb. See Geim. HERBECK, her1)ek. Johann von (1831-77). An .Austrian musician, born in Vienna. He was practically a self-educated musician, but by hard work rose rapidly from the position of chorister to that of professor in the Vienna Conservatory. In 1860 he was made chief Court Kapellmeister, and from 1871 to 1875 he was director of the Im- I'erial Opera. He wrote many excellent part- songs and some instrumental music. HERBELIN, ar'blnx', .jExysE Mathilde Habert (1820 — ). A French painter of minia- tures, born at Brunoy, Seine-et-Oise. She studied oil painting with her uncle. Belloc the artis*^, but was advised by Eugene Delacroix to confine herself to miniatures, and speedily reached the front rank in that branch of art. in which she created a new style. She exhibited ten miniatures in the .Salon of 1848. and received her first-class medal at the Exhibition of 1855 for "Enfant tenant une rose." "Souvenir." and "Petite fille Jouant avec un f'ventail," while one of her minia- tures was requested for the Luxembourg Gallery, the first of its kind admitted there. Besides some ideal heads and genre studies, JIadame Hcrbclin painted some notable miniature portraits, such as those of Guizot, Isabey, Robert Fleury, Rossi- ni, E. Souvestrc, Rosa Bonhcur, and Eug&ne Delacroix. HERBELOT, ar'bl.V. I'.ahtiiklemy d' (1625- 95). A celebrated French Orientalist, born in Paris. He studied also in Italy, and was like- wise for a time secretary and interpreter of Oriental languages to tlie French King. Tlireo years before his death he was appointed professor of Syriae in the Colh^ge dc France. His cele- brated work, ISibliolhe<iue Orientate, was pub- lislied after his death by Galland (Paris, 1097), and afterwards with a .su])plement (Maestricht, 1770-81) : but the best edition is that published at The Hague (4 vols., 1777-82). Tlie work, which was not quite finished, contains extracts from a large nuudicr of Araliian. Persian, and Turkish authors, with iibundant historical, bio- graphical, and illustrative material relating to the peoples of the East. HERBERAY DES ESSARTS, ir'br:'i' da zes'siir', Nicolas de ('M5.52i. A French oflieer and translator. He was a Picard nol)le, and an ollicer in the royal artillery under Francis I., whom he acconiiianied to JMadri<l in 1525. Here he read. and. at the King's request, translated from the Spanish the romance of Aniadis of Gaul (1540-48). His other works include: L'amant iiialtraitc de sa mi/e (1530) ; Lc premier lirre de la ehroniijue de Doni Florcs de (Iriee, cheralierdes Cigne<s (1555) ; L'horlorie des princes de Cruevara (1555). He has been called the founder of the heroic romance in France. HER'BERT. An historic British family, dat- ing from the Norman Conquest, which has been ennobled in so many of its branches, by ancient and renewed creations, that it has become a mat- ter of difiiculty to ascertain with certainty which is the parent stem. Herbert, Count of Verman- dois, who afterwards filled the post of Chamber- lain under William II.. is mentioned in the roll of Battle Abbey, and received from his sovereign a grant of lands in Hampshire. His wife, Ejnma, daughter of Stephen. Count of Blois. was a granddaughter of the Conqueror, and his son, llerbert of Winchester, was Chamberlain and Treasurer of King Henry I. In the reign of Henry V., Sir William Herbert, of Raglan Castle, County Jlonmouth, received the honor of knight- hood in reward of his valor in the French wars. His eldest son. a stanch adherent of the House of York, was created Earl of Pembroke by Ed- ward IV. in 1460, but fell' into the hands of the Lancastrians after the battle of Danes Moor, and was beheaded the following day. when the title became extinct. It was. however, revived in 1551. in the person .of his illegitimate grand- son, William Herbert, one of the most influential noblemen of his age, both as a statesman and as a soldier. The fourth Earl. Lord Cham- berlain to Charles I., and chancellor of the Lniversity of Oxford, was the founder of .Tesus College in that scat of learning, his representa- tive descendant being hereditary visitor. The eighth Karl held several high offices under Queen Anne, including that of Lord High .dmiral. From him the present representative. Sidney, fourteenth Earl of Pembroke and Montgomery (born 1853), is directly descended. The earls of Carnarvon, more than one of whom have gained celebrity in the field of literature, descend from the eighth Earl of Pembroke, mentioned above. The present earls of Powis are descended
