HOLY SEPULCHRE. 163 HOLY WAR. and well-informed witness, says nothing. (See C'Koss, Invention of the.) Constantine now built here a magnificent church. Over the grave was erected a beautiful gilded dome ojien to the skv, supported by columns and surrounded by a wall, the inside diameter being about 0.5 feet. From the rotunda eastward extended the basilica, 250 feet in length, with its nave and two aisles, the nave ending in a semicircular choir. Still further to the east, connected with the ba-silica by tlaee gateways, was the atrium, surrounded with colonnades and containing basins for the customary aldutions. From the atrium three gates led out into the propyl.Tum, which connect- ed the whole edifice with the market street to the cast. The entire length of the church or cathe- dral so constructed was about 475 feet. It was due. doubtless, to the necessities of the situation that the propylteum and atrium were to the east rather than, as usual, west of the basilica. In the south aisle, a knob of the native rock, with a cleft in it (the grave of Adam, according to legend ) , rose a few feet above the level of the floor, inclosed within a silver fence. This was supposed to be the rock in which the cross was set — i.e. Golgotha proper. In a.d. 330. ten years after its foundation, Constantine's church was dedicated by the Synod of Tyre. For nearl.y three hundred years the edifice remained intact, famed for its beauty, one of the chief attractions for the numerous pilgrims constantly visiting Jerusalem. During this period legends grew apace, and nu- merous miraculous events were associated with the locality. In 014 the church was destroyed, at least partially, by the Persians under Chosroes 11. Steps were taken at once by Modestus, acting Bishop of Jerusalem, to rebuild the edifice, and after ten years' labor, ((il6-26) the work was com- jdetcd. The new buildings were not of the same plan or dimensions or beautv' as their predecessor. The rotunda was rebuilt as a separate church — nf the Resurrection — and on the site of the large basilica of Constantine a smaller one, the Mar- tyrium, over the place where the cross was said to have been found, was erected. Southeast of the rotunda a new church in honor of the Virgin was built, while over Golgotha, now outside of the basilica, a chapel was placed. These edifices re- mained, with occasional damage and consequent repairs, until their destruction by Hakim, Caliph of Egypt, in 1010. With the assistance of the Byzantine Kmperor they were restored in 1048, with soiue changes , of plan. In 1140 the Cru- saders began a general rebuilding of all the edi- fices on a larger scale. The new church was dedi- cated .luly 15. 1149, but not completed until 11G8. Tlie Church of the Crusaders was de- stroyed in 1-244. but again rebuilt (c.lSOO). Ex- tensive alterations and improvements took place in 15.'i5 and 1710. In 1808 the rotunda was burned and much other damage done to the west- ern Iniildings. The restoration, the work of the Greeks and Armenians, was coniiileted in 1810, Since that time, with the exception of the re- newal of the dome in 1808 by Napoleon III. and Alexander II. of Russia, the buildings have un- dergone no serious alteration. For plan of the present buildings, with extend- ed descriptions, consult Baedeker's Pnlestiiir niul fit/rin (Leipzig, 1808) : for the plan and extent of tlie biiildings of Constantine, ^lommert. Die heilifir (Irnhralnrchc ~w Jenisnlem in ihrem tir- spriinglickcn Zustandc (Leipzig, 1898) ; for the best bibliography, Guthe's article in the Hauck- Herzog Rvulcncyklopiidie (Leipzig, 1899), HOLY SEPULCHRE, Knights of the. An order of knighthood instituted, probably by Pope Alexander VI., for the guardiansliip of the Holy Sepulchre, and the relief and protection of pil- grims. The Pope was originally the grand mas- ter, but he subsequently ceded his rights to the Guardian Father of the Holy Sepulchre at Jeru- salem. The knights were held to strict rules of honor, faith, and purity, but in return they had the most unusual and extraordinary privileges conferred on them. They were' exempt from taxa- tion, could marry, could, as an organization, pos- ■sess property, could legitimatize bastards, and could cut down and bury the bodies of criminals wlio had been hanged. After a temporary union with the Hospitalers, the order was reconstructed in 1814, both in France and in Poland, and is still in existence, its members being chosen by the Guardian of the Holy Sepulchre out of noble and devout pilgrims. The badge of the order con- sists of a cross potent of red enamel, with four similar smaller crosses between its arms, sur- mounted by a crown and held by a black ribbon. The collar is made up of small crosses like the badge, HOLY SPIRIT. See Holt Ghost. HOLY SPIRIT PLANT, or Dove Plant. Names given to a species of orchid, Peristeria data, found in Central America, especially in the vicinity of Panama. It is an epiphytic orchid, with large, striated green pseudobulbs, which bear three to five lanceolate leaves, often a yard long and six inches across. The (lower-stem springs from the base of the pseudobulbs. and is four to si.x feet high, a third of its height bear- ing creamy-white, fragi-ant flowers, an inch or more in diameter, the inner part of which is often tinged with crimson or other shades of red. The name is derived from the shape of the united column of style and stamens. Tliis column re- sembles a conventional dove hovering with ex- panded wings in the vase formed by the petals. It is used in religious festivals in Central .meri- ca as svnnbolical of the Holy Spirit; hence its name, 'el spirito santo,' See Okchid, HOLY STONE. A miraculous rock at .rd- more, Ireland, which is said to have floated from Rome with robes, a bell, and a lighted taper for Saint Patrick, HOLYSTONE. A piece of soft stone, usually sandstone, used in scrubbing decks. To holy- stone a deck is to scrub it, using holystones. Holystones are smooth on one side at least, and have a small depression on the other to receive the end of a handle or stick by which they are puslied back and forth. To increase the scrub- bing power of the stones, the decks are wetted and sand is sprinkled over them prior to holy- stoning. The derivation of the term is supposed to be ifroni the fact that holystoning used chiefly to be done on Saturday as a preparation for Simday ins]x>ction. cliurch, etx;. HOLY THURSDAY. See Ascension Day: Holy Wffk. HOLY 'WAR, The. ( 1 ) The first of Thomas Fuller's historical writings (1039). It is a his- tory of the Crusades, and very popular up to the time of the Restoration. (2) . religious allegory, explained on the title-pages as "made
