HOKACE. 209 HOK^. destiny. Two years later, at the personal re- quest of the Emperor, lie composed two odes iu celebration of the victories of Drusus and Ti- berius, the step-sons of Augustus, over the Rhaeti and V'iudelici, and, about the same time, two others in praise of the beneticent results of the reijpi for Italy. But Horace, though he had long been a sincere support<?r of the new regime, was ill fitted for work of this kind, and these poems, especially the lirst two, show the laboriousness that not infrequently attaches to the official odes of a poet laureate. To give them permanence, he added eleven fugitive pieces (one of which, however, the seventh, is a perfect gem), and published this fourth book of the Odes in 13. According to Suetonius, the charming bit of literary criticism which opens the second book of the Epistles was written to meet a complaint of Augustus that to him alone Horace had ded- icated nothing. It is in substance an attempt to show that no true parallel could be drawn between the development of poetry in Greece and that at Rome, and that the work of the modern school, of which he regarued Vergil, Varius. and himself as the best representatives, marked the highest level yet reached of artistic achievement. In the second of the two epistles of this booK he sets fortli at length with characteristic irony and indirection the reasons why henceforth lyric poetrj" must give place to the "rhrthms and har- monics of real life." The latest of his letters and the one which is mQst nearly a formal essay is that addressed to the Pisos. It is generally known as the Art of Poetry (Liber de Arte Poetica) , though this title seems not to have been given to it by Horace himself, and is, indeed, scarcely appropriate, for only one branch, that of the drama, receives any systematic treatment. The discussion has all the sanity and breadth of judgment that mark the moral episiies, and is. in effect, another defense of the poetic ideals of the Augustan school. Of the details of the closing years of his life we have no record. The death of Ma>cenas, who in his last words commended his life-long friend to Ausrustus, was a severe shock. Horace, who had once (C. ii., 17) prayed that they might not be separated in death, did not long survive him, dying on the 27th of November. B.C. 8. when he had nearly completed his fifty-seventh year. He M-as buried on the Esquiline, close to the tomb of Maecenas. ilr. Mackail has admirably summed tip the significance of his work: "Among the many amazing achievements of the Greek genius in the field of human thought were a lyrical poetry of unexampled beauty, a refined critical faculty, and, later than the great thinkers and outside the strict schools, a teiTiperate philosophy such as we =ee afterwards in the beautiful personality of Plutarch. In all these three Horace inter- preted Greece to the world, while adding that peculiarly Pioman urbanity — the spirit at once of the grown man as distinguished from children, of the man of the world, and of the gentleman — which up till now has been a dominant ideal over the thought and life nf Europe." BiBlJOGRAPTlY. The rditirt princeps was pub- lished at Venice in 1470. The most important editions before Bentley were tho«e of Lambinii« (last edition, Coblenz, 1829), Cruquius (Ant- werp, 1.578), and Heinsius (Leyden. 1612K Richard Bentley's edition, first published at Cambridge in 1711 (3d ed., Berlin, 1869), made a new era in Horatian criticism. The best criti- cal edition of the text is that of Keller and Holder (2 vols., Leipzig, 1804-70). Keller is- sued a second edition of the first volume ( Odes, Epodes, and Carmen Swculare) in 18U9. and also a supplementary volimie of te.t discussion, Epi- legomena zu Horaz (Leipzig, 1879-80). The best general editions are those of Orelli revised by Hirschfelder and ilewes (4th ed., 2 vols., Ber- lin, 188G-92, with Latin notes and complete word index); Kiessling (2d ed., 3 vols., Berlin, 1890- 97; vol. i. in 3d ed., 1898); JIulIer, Odes and Epodes (Leipzig, 1900), Satires and Epistles (1891-93) : Wickham, Odes and Epodes (3d ed., Oxford, 1896), Satires and Epistles (1891); Schiitz (Berlin, 1880-83; vol. i. containing Odes and Epodes, 3d ed., 1889). The Odes have been edited separately by Xauck ( 13th ed.. Leipzig, 1889), Page (4th "ed., London, 1890). Smith (Boston, 1895), Shorey (Boston, 1898); the Satires by Kruger (14th ed., Leipzig, 1897), Palmer (London, 1883); the Epistles by Wilkina (3d ed., London, 1889 ).» Porphyrion's Scholia have been edited by Holder (Innsbruck, 1894). The translations of Horace are all inferior to the original. Among the best are those of Fran- cis, entire (London, 1778); Lord Ravensworth, Odes (London, 1858); Martin, entire (Edinburgh, 1888. with an interesting memoir a'nd good illus- trative notes) : Conington, Odes and Epodes (3d ed., London, 1865), Satires and Epistles (1892); Lord Lytton, Odes and Epodes (London, 1869); Gladstone, Odes (New York, 1894); Cooper, Odes bv various hands (London, 1880); Sargent, Odes (Boston, 1893); De Vere, Selected Odes and Epodes (London, 1893), A sumptuous edition of the Od'S and Epodes is that of the Bibliophile Society (6 vols., Boston, 190102), with intro- iluetion. life, and Latin text, translated and anno- tated by "eminent scholars, statesmen, and poets.' Pope's Satires and Epistles of Horace Imitated is very brilliant (best edition by Pattison). The most valuable literary treatment of Horace is Sellar's Horace and the Eleqiac Poets ( Oxford, 1892). Good also are Boissier's The Country of Horace and Vernil (translated from the French, London. 1896), and Pliiss, Horazstudien (Leip- zig, 1882). There are good chapters on Horace in Xettleship, Lectures and Essays, first series (Oxford. 1885) : Patin. Etudes sur la poesie latine (3d ed., Paris, 1883); Mackail, Latin Lit- erature (New York, 1900); Tyrrell, Latin Poetry (Boston, 1895). HOTliE (Lat., from Gk 'fipa/, Horai, hours, seasons: connected with <5pos, horos, year. Av. yar3, year. OChurch Slav, /arii, spring. OHG. jar, Ger. Jnhr, Goth. jer. AS. tjcar, Eng. year) . In ancient Greece, goddesses of the seasons of the year, at first with special reference to the farmer. At Athens they seem to have been originally two, Thallo and Carpo, the goddesses of the blossoming and ripening fruit. In general they were at first three. Eunomia. Dike. Eirene, whose names show that the ethical side of their nature, as guardians of the due order and peaceful suc- cession of natural processes, has become promi- nent. In the legend they are daughters of Zeus and niemis. guardians of the gates of Olympus, attendants upon the gods. They bring flowers and fruits to mortals, and are closely connected with the Charities (q.v.) or Graces. In the
