HERZOG. 29 HESIOD. HERZOG, JoiiAXN Jakob (1805-82). A re- lij;iuiis t'ditor and scholar. He was born at Basel, September 12, 1805. He studied at Basel and Berlin, and filled the position of professor of historical theology' at Lausanne, Halle, and Erlangen. He retired in 1877, and died at Erlangen, September 30, 1882. He was a volumi- nous writer, and published a sketch of Calvin (1843). a life of (Ecolanipadius (1843). works en the ^aldenses (1848 and 18.53), and Ahriss der gesamten Kirchengeschichtc ( 1870-87 ; 2d ed. by KnfTniann, 1890-92). His greatest work was the religious enc'vclopa-dia known as Real-Encif- clopddie fur protestantische Theologie und Kirche (22 vols., Gotha, 1853-68; 3d ed. by A. Hauck, 1800 et seq. ; 12th vol. 1902). of which he was editor and to which he contributed 529 articles. HERZOG, Kabl Joseph Benjamin ( 1827- 1902). .V (ierman statesman, bom at Brieg and educateiW at Breslau. He was assistant in the ministerial Department of Commerce (1859) and representative of the North German Federation at the Paris E.xposition (1807) ; in 1871 he was a member of the commission on the government of Alsace and Lorraine, and later (1876) became Assistant Secretary of State in the department for these provinces, and (1879) Secretary of State in their first Ministry, from which he re- signed a year later because of his opposition to the policy of Von ManteufTel. He traveled in America (1881-82), and wrote Reisebriefe aus Atnerika (1884). HERZOGENBERG, her-ts(ygen-berK. Hein- RR'ii vo. I I.s43-HHt(l I . An Austrian musician, horn at Gratz. He studied at the Vienna Conserv- atory I 1862-64), and in 1874, at Leipzig, founded the BachVerein in conjunction with Spitta, Hol- stein. and Volkland. In 1875 he succeeded the latter as its director. He was professor of com- position at the Berlin 'Hoelischule fiir Musik' I 1885-92) ; and also a member of the Akademie, and president of the 'Meisterschule' for composi- tion. His compositions include: The oratorio, Dir (Irburt Christi ; a symphonic poem, Odysseus ; two symphonies; and many psalms for chorus and unlnstra. and instrumental pieces. HERZOG ERNST, her'ts.V, ernst. A poem of the twelfth eenturv of Bavarian origin, but of unknown authorship. Its subject is the e.pIoit.s of Ernst of Swabia in the Orient during his banishment. HESEKIEL, ha-zfilie-el, Georg Lrnwio (1819-74). A German novelist, born at Halle, the son of Friedrich Hesekiel, a religious poet, and educated at Halle. -Tena, and Berlin. He was editor of Die Rosen at Altenhiirg (1846), of the Pntriotischer Hausfreund at Zeitz (1848). of the Berlin Krcuzzeitnng (1849). and of the Berliner Rerue ( 1855) : but he is best known for his poems and novels, which are marked by a distinctly con- servative and monarchical patriotism. Among the former are : Gedirlile cines Roiinlisten i 1841 ) ; Z.icisnhen Sumpf und f^nnd (1S63); Aus dem nUnenUrieg (1804) ; Vpkp Gedichte (1866) : and flcgen die Franzo.sen (1870). His novels in- clude: Dns liehe Dorel (1851) ; Tor ./rim (1859) ; Von Jenn nnrli Kiinigsherg (1860): Ktille ror drni Sturm {MiC,-2) ; J'nter dem Ei".sfn^n/i>i ( 1864) ; Refugierl und emigriert (1869): Grnf d'Anethan d'Kntrngues (3d ed. 1861): T'oh Turgot his Babeuf (2d ed. 1873) ; and LiUenhanner und Tricolore (1859). He also wrote Das Bueh io»i (jrafen Bismarck (3d ed. 1873). HESEKIEL, Lldovica (1847-89). A German novelist, daughter of the above, bom at Alten- burg. She early entered journalism, and in literature devoted herself to historical fiction and to biography. She married Wilhelm .John.sen, pastor at Neustadt, in 1887. Among her novels the most important are: Eine hrandenhurgisehe Uofjungfer (1808); Yon Brandvnhurg zu Bis- marck (1873); Unterm fSparrenschild (3d ed. 1893) ; Deutsche Triiumer (2d ed. 1897) ; Prim Wilhelm (2d ed. 1897) ; Jesus meine Zuuersicht (.3d ed. 1894) ; Des Kaisers (iasi (3d ed. 1894) ;
A. Andernach und Clairvraux (1889). She also wrote the sketches Barackenleben (1872), and the biographies, Elisabeth Luise (1881), Agnes I'iirstin Reuss jiingerer Linie (1887), and ,4m- gusta, Kaiserin-Konigin (1890). HE'SIOD (Gk. 'Raiooos, Hesiodos). After Ho- mer, the earliest Greek poet whose works have survived. The date at which he lived is uncer- tain. Herodotus regarded him as contemporary with Homer, and dated both of these at 400 j-eara before his own day. i.e. in the middle of the ninth century c.c. Ephorus thought him older than Homer; the Parian Marble also takes this view and makes him thirt.v years the elder; but the Alexandrians. Eratosthenes, and Aris- tarehus, held that the treatment of the myths and the geographical knowledge shown in Hesiod's works proved him to be younger. Modern criticism ■ has shown clearly that the Hesiodic works ex- hibit a knowledge of the Iliad and Odgssey in their present Ionic dialect, and in very much their pfesent form; on the other hand, it is cer- tain that Hesiod's Works and Dags were known to Simonides and Archilochus, so that we may safely jilace Hesiod in the second half of the eighth century, or perhaps about B.C. 700. Our knowledge of his life is derived almost solely from his poem's ; the ancient scholars had no better source of information. From notices in his Works and Dags, and other scattered sources, we learn that his father, under stress of poverty, came to Bteotia as an emigrant from Cyme, an .Eolian town in Asia Minor, and set- tled in the jjctty village of Ascra beneath Mount Helicon. Here probably Hesiod was born. In his youth he watched the sheep on Helicon. At his father's death his brother Perses succeeded in cheating him of liis proper inheritance by cor- rupting the judges; but later, this unjust brother was reduced to such poverty that he was forced to appeal for aid to Hesiod. Under the impulse of his homely muse, Hesiod. like other early bards, became a wandering singer, visiting not simply the cities of his native Bipotia. but also traveling to the west past Delphi, until he reached Naupactus in Ozolian Locris. Tradition says that the Delphic oracle had warned him that he was destined to die in the shrine of the Xemean Zeus : but the poet in the course of his travels came to CFneon in Locris. quite unaware that here also was a temple of the god whose sacred precinct he was to avoid. In this town he is reported to have met his death at the hands of two brothers who without foundation sus- pected him of wTonsrina their sister. The tradi- tion mav well have this truth, that Hesiod died in Locris. .t Xaupactus a school of Hesiodic poetry developed, one product of which was the
