INGRAM. 627 INGULF. (1900) ; Passages from the Letters of Augustus Vomte (1901); and edited the earliest English translati(jn of The linilatiun of Olirist, from the manuscripts at Dublin and Candiridj^e (IHU.'i). INGRASSIA, in'grasse'a. or INGRASSIAS, Giovanni Kiliito (1.510-80). A Sioiliaii anato- mist, horn at Palermo. The plague at Palermo in 1.575 was cheeked largely hy his methods and through his work. He made discoveries of great importance in anatomy, and described them in liis /)( (laleni Libriim dc Ossibiis Doctissitna et L'xpcrfissima Cominentaria. He published sev- eral iithcr interesting works. INGRES, aN'gr', .Te.
Auguste Dominique
(1780-1807). A French historical and portrait painter, a leader of the Classicists. He was born at Montauban, August 29, 1780, the son of a sculptor. He soon became the most important pupil of David, whose school he entered in 179G. In ISOI he received the Prix de Rome with the picture "Achilles Receiving the Messenger of Agamemnon," now in tlic Ecole des Beaux-Arts; but, owing to the state of the national finances, he was compelled to remain at Paris. He occu- ])ieii himself with drawings, jjortraits, and my- thological .subjects luitil ISOO, when he was sent to Rome. There he learned to know the works of Raphael, who exercised a dominating inilu- enee i])on him. • He also studied the antique fresco and vase painting, and these new inllu- ences brought him into conflict with the strict Classicists. While he continued to execute large liistorical pictures, he was compelled to earn his living by drawing those admirable crayon por- traits — three hundred in number — which are per- haps the most extraordinary of his works. In 1S20 he migrated to Florence, laboring under the same difficulties until, in IS24, the brilliant success of his "Vow of Louis XIII." (now in Montauban Cathedral) caused him to return to Paris. He soon became the head of a large school and the acknowledged leader of the Classicists, hard pressed by the Romanticists, under the leader- ship of Delacroix. In 1829 he completed his "Apotheosis of Homer," a decoration of one of the ceilings of the Louvre, which is considered liis finest epic painting. Weary of the hostile criticism which this painting provoked, he gladly became director of the I'rench Academy at Rome in IS."?!, remaining there until IS41. During his second stay at Rome he painted two of his most admirable works. "Stratonice" and "Cheru- bini Inspired by the Muse." (Louvre), which were received with the highest praise. On his return to Paris in 1841. he was made an officer of the Legion of Honor, a commander in 1845, and grand oHicer in 1855; he was named a f>enat.or on May 25, 1802; and he was soon after appointed a member of the Imperial Council of Public Instruction. At the Paris Exhibition of 185.5 a room was set apart for his pictures, and one of two grand medals of honor was award- ed to him, Delacroix getting the other. "La Source," sent to the London Exhibition of 1862, and now in the Louvre, showed powers unim- ])aircd by age. He died in Paris, January 17, 1807. Tngres's greatest strength lay in his drawing. "Lr drsshi c'est la prohilc <lc I'art" was his motto. His consummate skill is very evident in his admirable crayon studies and drawings, of which the Montauban Museum contains the most valuable collection, left by the painter to his ii.itive town. To him more than to any other the French school owes that excellency of draughtsmanship for which it is famous. His studies also show an incredible perseverance and sincerity of purpose. These qualities, however, were attained at the exijense of color, which, when not almost monochrome, was coarse and hard. His works also show lack of originality. The figures, even of his best paintings, may be traced to models in works of Raphael, ilichel- angelo, or Creek vase painting. Among the most im[)or-tant historical paint- ings of his first Roman i)eriod are: "Gidipus and the .Sphin.x" (1810), in the Louvre; "Ju- piter and Thetis" (1811), Aix Museum; the "Sleep of Ossian" (I81I), and "Romulus Con- quering Acrou" (1812), frescoes for Napoleon's palace on the Monte Cavallo; the "Odalisque" (1814), Louvre; "Virgil Reading the .-Eiicid to Augustus;" "Pedro of Toledo Kissing the Sword of Henry IV." (1814); "Raphael and the For- narina" (1814); "Aretino and the Envoy of Charles V." (1816); "Roger and Ange'lica" (1819), and "Christ Delivering the Keys to Saint Peter" (1820), both in the Louvre." His later works include: "Martyrdom of Saint .Sym- phorian" (1834), Autun Cathedral; "Madonna with the Host," Saint Petersburg; "Christ Among the Doctors" (1842); "Birth of V^enus" (1848) ; "Aretino Visiting Tintoretto" (1848). Ingres is, perhaps, greatest in portraiture, where he stands in closest contact with nature. Among the best of his painted portraits are those of himself (1804); "Napohvjn as First Consul" (1804). Li&ge Museum; "Napoleon En- throned," Hotel des Invalides (1806); "Le- moine" (1810) : "Charles X." (1829) ; and espe- cially "Bertin the Elder" (IS.'J.S). The Louvre contains those of "Philibert Rivifire and Wife" (1806) and of "Cherubini" (1843). Ingres also designed cartoons for the celebrated glass paintings in the Chapel of Saint Fernando. Paris. Vlis works were admiraljy engraved, especially by Richehomme and HenriquelDupont. The most important of his large school of pupils was llippolyte Flandrin (q.v.). Consult the biographies of Ingres by Blanc (Paris, 1870) ; Delaborde (ib.. 1870) ; Baize (Paris. 1880) ; Mommeja, in f.es artistes ccle- bres : Schmarson, in Dohme, Kunst utid Kiinstler (Leipzig, 1884). INGULF, In'goolf, RfnoLF (known as Ingvlf VON KciLN) (1727-85). A German sculptor and traveler, the first to appreciate the nature of California's mineral resources. He was born in Cologne, established a factory in 1751 in Mexico, and by its profits was soon enabled to indertake his scheme of travels. He visited unexi)lored parts of Mexico, proceeded to New Granada, and then went north again into cen- tral California. His books on the geology of California, though they were of considerable sci- entific value, attracted little attention. He won more of a reputation as a sculptor than as an explorer and writer. The busts of Columbus, Pizarro. and Velazquez are among his best pieces. He published Lchrbuch dcr Gcopraphic ton Cali- fornir-n (1771); Itciacn in yeii>^pnnirn (1772); Dir peohriischrn Formal iomii von Cahfomien (1775) ; and Kosmographie von Amerika (1779).
