HICKS. S. F. Billings (1883); Dr. James R. Wood (1884), Now Vork Aiiuk'iiiy nl Minliciiip. Among his other sulijects are; "IJirehes at Tlioriiwood ;" '•Trenton Kails" (18711); "Knil of a Winter Day" (ISSj); "In Brittany" (1884). HICKS, Thomas IIoLi.iD.Y ( 17!t8-18t'>5). An American politieian, bom in Dorchester t'oiinty, ild. He Ix-eame sherill" in 1824. ami a member of the State Legislature a few years later; was a member of the State Kleeloral CoUej/e and was again elected to the Ix'gislature in ls;i(i; and in 1837 served on the Ciovernor's (ouneil. Kroni 1858 to 18(i2 he was (iovernur of the State. He strongly syiniiathized with the South, and was indignant with the Northern ])eoi>le for their gen- eral attilu<le tow-ard slavery, and in jjartieular for their refusal U> enforce the Kugitive Slave Law. When actual hostilities between the two sections began he se<'mcd to think that the State eonld assume a neutral attitu<le. and largely by his refisal to call a special se-sion of the Legis- lature managed to block radical measures. He saw that secession for .Marvlaml meant <lpvas- t.ation. and his policy grailually evolveil itself until he found himself vigorously opposing seces- sion and defying the Ix-gislature. Himors were curri'ul in ijic early i)art of 18G1 of a plot, in which 3000 citizens of the State were organized to prevent Lincoln's inaiguration and seize the city of Washington. He m;vlc preparations to thwart the attempt, caused State arms to be seized, suspended the writ of habeas corpus, planned the arrest of suspected immsous. and indorsed the Administration in establishing a censorship of tlie press and in lircaking up the Legislature. The proximity and alertness of the Keileral headquarters was in reality all that pre- vented a serious secessionist movement. Hicks being the only prominent oflicial of the State who stood by the (iovernment. .t the expiratiim of his tx-rm as Governor a new Legislature passed reso- lutions thanking him in its name and in the name of the people of .Marylaml for his attitude during the crisis, and declaring that if was he who had kept the State from joining the Confed- eracy. In 1802 Lincoln ollfrcd him the rank of brigadier-general, but ill health i)revented his acceptjince. In the same year he was appointed to the Senate to supply the vacancy occasicmed by the death of Senator I'earce. and served in that body during the remainder of his life. Although he was at the same lime denounced for selling the State to Lincoln, and praised for saving it by his remarkable ability, it is largely the uniqueness of the position in which he was placed which makes him es|)eeially memorable. Consult: Kad- eliflfe, "Governor Hicks of Jlaryland and the Civil War," in the Johiix Ilnphiiifi Vitircrsil;/ Studies in Tlixtoricnl and Politirnl Sririire. nine- teenth series. Nos. xi.. xii. (Baltimore. 1901). HICKS, WiixiAM. See Hicks Pasha. HICKS-BEACH, .>ir Mifii.vEi. KnwARn (1837 — ). An Knglish Conservative politician, born in T^ondon. He was educated at Kton and Christ Church. Oxford; entered Parliament in 1804. and after 18S.'> represented U'est Bristol. He was Chief Secretary for Ireland from 1874 to 1878. and Secretary of Slate for the Cohmies in 1878- 80. In 188.") Lord Sali-bury appointed him Chan- cellor of the Exchequer and leader of the House of Commons. In 1880 he again l)ecamc Secretary for Ireland, but held the office less than a year. 56 HIDALGO Y COSTILLA. He was President of the Board of Trade from 1888 to 18112. In 18!ij, after the fall of the (;ladstone Jlinistry, he became Chant-ellor of the Exchequer, from which post he resigned in l'.KI2, innncdiattdy after the retirement of Salisbury. In the character of strict eeonomi-l he greatly embarrassed the Balfour (iovernment by an at- tack (October. 1!I02) on the linaiiees of the War Olliee, in which he insisted that that department was not spending to best advantage the money assigned to it. HICKSITES. See Ekie.nds. HICKS PASHA, pa-shii' i William Huks) (18:il-8:il. An English soldier. He entered the British East Indian army as an ensign in 184!). and left the service in 1880 as an honorary colonel. Three years later he was appointed to the command of the Egj-ptian army in the Sidan, and with a force of from ten t« twelve thousand native troops went against the Mahdi. He at lir>t wen what si-emi'd a decisive victory near Khartum in April. In Septeyil>er. however, he went with a force of 10,(10(1 to suppress a rebel- lion, and crossed the desert to El Obeid. Then Hicks Pasha found himself In'trayed into an am- buscade, and after a battle of Ihrw days, ending with the massacre of nearly all his army, he fell in a last des|ieratp charge of his mounted staff. Consult Colhorne. Willi llivls I'linhii in thr Su- dan (London. 1884). HIDAGE, hid'aj (from hide, AS. hid, higid, liiilcil. a rerlain portion of land, from ONorlhum- hrian hif/aii. AH. hiuyni, members of a family). .
extraordinary tax ])aid to the kings of Eng-
land on every "hide' (q.v.) of land. ItWas abol- ished during tlie reign of Henry II. HIDALGO, ^-nal'gA. A central State of Mexi- co, bounded by the State of San Luis PotosI on the north. 'cra Cruz and Puel)lo on the cast. Tlax- eala and Mexico on the south, and Querfdaro on the west ((Map: ilcxico. J 7). Area. 8t)17 square miles. The northern and northeastern portions are traversed by the eastern range of the Sierra Jfadre. and form a wild and rough moun- tain region, rising in its higuest elevation to over 10.000 feet. The southern and western parts are mostly flat and traversed by fertile valleys. The climate is warm in the lower regions, and the agricultural products include cereals, sugar-cane, tobacco, cod'ee. and cotton. The State has exten- sive mineral wealth and mining is the ehief in- dustry. The chief mineral products are silver, quicksilver, copper, iron, lead, and zinc. Coal and marble are found. The southern part is traversed by several railway lines. Popul.ation, in 1000. fi()3.074. Capital. P.achuca (q.v.). HIDALCjO del PARRAL, del par riil'. See Pahuai.. HIDALGO Y COSTILLA, .• diil'gA '■ kA-st*'- lya. Don Mii;ikl ( IT.'i'MSlI ). A Alexiean priest and revolutionist. He was born at Corralegos, studied at Valladolid in Mexico, and was given charge of the parish of Dolores, in the State of Guanajnato. Dissatisfied with the Government, he conspired with the Indians to raise a general insurrection on November 1. 1810. Eear of dis- covery led him to ha-tcn his plans, and the re- volt began in September in the town of Dolores. His elooueme had a powerful eflfect on the people, and to heighten the enthusiasm he carried aloft the banner of Our Lady of Guadalupe, patron
