JORDANUS. 290 JORIS. exception of Leonardo of Pisa, Jordanus is the only learned man of the Latin West in llie iliddle Ages «lio deserved the name of mathematician, and his immediate inlluence was much greater than that of liis Italian contemporary. His mathe- matical writings served as a basis for teaching in the various universities of the iliddle Ages and Renaissance. The most important of his published writings are: Arithnictiru Drmuiislratti (14!I0); Al(/ut it limits Uciitotislratiis (1534): Dc J'uiiderHiiis (1.533) ; Jonluni Opiisciiluiii de Pon- derositatc (15(i5) ; De yumcrix Datis (published by Treutlein in the Abhandlungcn zitr tleschichte der Matheiiiutik, 1879) ; Jordani Xemorarii Oeo- tnetria rel de Triangulis Libri IV, (1887). JORG, yerK, Joiiaxn Christian Gottfbied ( 177SI-l.S5(i). A German physician, born at Prii- del, and educated at Leipzig, where in 1810 he was made professor of midwifery. He did nnieh to improve this branch of medicine, especially by the invention of mechanical aids and by a new system of Cs-sarean section, gastro-clytrotomy. In general he sought milder nietliods. both in ob- stetrics and orthojjcdy. Jiirg wrote: IJundbiich der Kruiikheiten des TT'cibcs (3d ed. 1831); Handbuch der Cebiirtshilfe (3d ed. 1833) ; Hand- buch zum Erkennen und Ueilen der Kindcrh-ranlc- heiten (2d ed. 1836) ; and Lclirbuch der Hebam- menkunst (5th ed. 1855). JORG, Joseph Edmund (1819-1901). A Ba- varian Ultramontane politician. He was born at Immenstadt ; studied law. historj-, and theology at Munich ; entered the Bureau of Archives in 1847; Decanie in 1852 editor of the Historisch- politiselie liliilter, and in 1805 a member of the Second Bavarian Chamber. He published: Deutsehlaiid in der Jlcroliitioiisperiodc lo22-2(> (1850); Gesehichte den Protestatitismiis in seiner neuesten Entiiyiekelung (1857) ; Oeschichtc der socialpolitischen Parteien in Deutschland (18G7). JORGENSEN. vor'gen-scn, Jokgex (1779- 1830). A Dariisli adventurer. In 1809 he auda- ciously seized upon the government of Iceland, looted the treasury, and with an 'army of eight men' ruled the island for six weeks, until driven out by the ea|itain of an English sloop. He went to England, was tried and found guilty on a charge of robbery, and was sent to Botany Bay, where he died. JORIS, yo'ris, or JORISZOON, yo'ris-zon, David (c. 1501-56). An Anabaptist leader, horn cither at (xhent or Bruges. He was apprenticed to a glass-painter, and soon displayed great aptitude in the work. To perfect himself in the art. he visited Belgium, France, and England. Returning to Holland, he settled at Delft, practicing his trade (1524) ; but in 1528 he began to display unusual religious zeal against Roman Cathol- icism, and, while a procession on Ascension Day was passing in Delft, he stopped the priests, accused them of deceiving the people by false teachings, and reproached them for wor- shiping images and pictures. He was arrested and banished for three years. Abandoning the common principles of the Reformation, he became an adherent of Aniibaptist views. At first he did not identify himself with the sect, on account of their disorderly conduct and their doctrine of i:sing the sword to establish their authority; but in 1534 he fully joined them by rebaptism. He was consecrated as Bishop of Delft by Dammas, Ubbo, and others. His inlluence was very great and his followers numerous. The Anabaptist leaders, jealous of his success, openly disavowed him. IJut at the convocation of Anabaptists in 1536 .Joris fearlessly declared himself a divinely appointed leader, and soon afterwards issued a pamphlet calling all parties to a peaceful union. The leaders were still more provoked; and most of the Anabaptists forsook him. Those who adhered to him took the name of .lorists or l);ividists. He profes.sed to have visions and revelations, and in- terpreted the persecutions to which his followers were subjected as proofs of the divine favor. At Delft, Haarlem, Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Leyden, and other cities, many sutlered death for their adhereiice to him. His own mother died on the scall'old, a martyr to the doctrines which her son was propagating (February, 153H). He kept up his wandering life till 1544, when, the voluntary gifts of his followers rendering him independent, he altered his life com|ilctely. In Basid in August of that year appeared a man by the name of John of Bruges. He was wealthy, a eomnnini- cant in the Reformed Church, and had come there with his family. He was highly esteemed for his wealth and his virtues, and died peace- fully, August 2.5, 1550. This was David Joris. For three years his secret was kept. Then his son- in-law. Nicholas Blesdyk, a reformed preacher, but an avaricious and un|)rincipled man, who had been his disciple, revealed the identity of John of Bruges with David Joris. The clergj' and uni- versity declared his opinions heretical, and his body was dug up and burned. The sect, which .loris had secretly communicated with while living in Basel, survived his death half a cen- tury, and circulated his writings, .loris was a thorough mystic, and believed that he had divine visions. He rejected the doctrine of the Trinity, and held strange views concerning Christ. He be- lieved that he was to establish internally and ex- ternally the eternal kingdom of Christ, which before was the kingdom of Christ only internally. He denied the doctrine of future judgment and the existence of angels. He held that the body only was defiled by sin. Of his 250 books and 1000 letters, the most important is the Book of Miraelcs. under the title of ^yonderboeek. In it he adopts the idea of .loiichim of Floris (q.v. ), of three dis])cnsations. For a complete account of his life and works, consult Xippold's articles in Zeifxchrift fiir Theolnriie. 1803, 1864, 1808: for a bibliogra]ihy of his writings. Van der Linde (The Hague, 1807). See Davidists. JORIS, yo'rez, PlO (1843—). An Italian genre and landscape painter, born in Rome, where he studied at Saint Luke's Aeidemy from 1856 to 1864. and imdcr Fortuny. but owed his develop- ment more especially to the influence of that mas- ter. He traveled extensively in fiermany. France. England, and Spain, and depicts life and nature with eipial felicity of conception and coloristic splendor. Xotable specimens of his art are: "Sun- day ilorning Before the Porta del Popolo in Rome"' (gold medal, JIunich. 1869) ; "Baptism in Isehia" (1878) ; '-Flight of Pope Eugene IV." (1833, Na- tional Callery. Romel ; and "Church Festival in St. Peter's, Rome" ( 1901 ) . He became prominent also as an artist in water-colors; was made presi- dent of the Soeiet;1 d'Acquarellisti in Rome, and honorary- member of the Societt- Beige des Aqua- reHistes. Several orders and other marks of dis- tinction were bestowed upon him, and between
