JULY KEVOLUTION. 328 JUMPERS. have left little of a parliamentary system. The newspapers at once took up llic eliallenye, and on July 27th there was some lighting in I'ari.s. On the 28th the eastern section of Paris was filled with l)arricades; the insurgents took pos- session of the city hall and Notre iJamc- Cathe- dral, and hoisted over them the tricolor. In vain the royal troops, who were under the com- mand of iiarmont, captured the diirerent bar- ricades; they were at once rebuilt. The soldiers, worn out with their exertions and the heat, fired upon from the windows and pelted with everythins; imaginable, abandoned the east of Paris and retreated. By July 2'.lth the whole of Paris was in tlie hands of the insurrectiiinists, who had as their leaders the veteran Lafayette and I.aflitte. and only then did diaries X. with- draw his Ordinances, and (inler the Duke of Monte- mart to form a new Ministry. Hut the dci-ree was sent to Paris from Saint-Cloud, where the Court was, by messengers who had no written gtiarantee. Before they could return with this the adherents of the Duke of Orleans, Louis Philippe, had acted, and demanded by means of ]i!iuard~ posted every- where that he should be made King. Tluy had been long intrigiiing in secret under the leader- ship of Talleyrand, the old Minister of Na- poleon I., wliofelt himself slighted by the Bour- bons, whose restoration had to a great extent been his work. Now the Orleani.sts felt that their time had come, and late in the night of .July ,30th Louis Philippe arrived in Paris, and early the next morning was made lieutenant-general of the realm. P.ul the Orleanists, led by Thiers and the banker Laintte, were opjiosed by Lafay- ette, the commander of the restored National Guard, and the municipal committee, who were Bepublicans. Louis Philippe, however, won them over, and when Hmrles X.. after abdicating in fa- vor of his grandson, the Duke of Bordeaux, fled, the success of I>ouis Philippe was assured, and on .ugust 7th the crown was voted to him by the Chambers. Tlie chief effect of the .July Revolu- tion was to remove the clerical influence in the administration. See Fbance. In other countries of Europe the .Tuly Revolu- tion caused serious disturbance. The first State to be influenced was Holland. Belgium for some time before 1S14 had been united to France, but by the ConcrreKS of Vienna it h<ad been handed over to Holland. A revolt broke out there, which finally resulted in the independence of Belgium (q.v. ). Tn Poland there was a violent uprising against Russian rule, which was only suj)pressed after hea^-y fighting. (See Poland : Rf.ssiA.) Tn some other States there were revolutionar- move- ments on a somewhat smaller scale, for which sec Germany: Italy. Consult: Lavisse and Rambaud. Tfi-itoire p^n/ralc. vol. x. (Paris, ISnS) : pyfTe. Hi.ifnrii of Modern Etirnpe. vol. ii. (London. 1880) ; Sei!mobos. ,1 Poliliral Tfifitori/ of Eiirnpe Fthtrr Ifft'i. English translation by Maevane (New York. 1899). JUMBO. A famous African elephant of gi- gantic size, captured when young and at three years of age transferred from the .Tardin des Plantes in Paris to the Royal Zoological Gardens in Tjondon. For twenty-three years the animal was a great favorite with Entrlish children, and his purchase by P. T. Barnum in 1882 for $10,000 provoked a general protest. The animal was with didiculty placed on a steamer and brought to America, where for three years he formed one of the chief attractions of Barnum's circus. He was killed in 1885 while crossing a railroad track in Canada. .Jumbo was 11 feet G inches in height, and weighed C tons. Has skeleton is preserved in the Smithsonian Institu- tion in Washington, and his skin is nioiuiteil and stanils in the Barnum Museum of Natural His- tory at Tufts ('ollege. JUMET, zhoo'ma'. A town of Ilainault, Bel- gium, three miles northwest of Charleroi, of which it is an important industrial suburb. It has extensive coal-mines, glass-making ami other manufacturing establishments. Population, in 1900, 2.-).!i:{7. JUMILLA, Hoo-nre'lya. A town of the Prov- ince of ilurcia, Spain, situated on the river .JuS, about 37 miles northwest of Murcia (Map: Spain, E .3). It is built at the foot of a hill on which are the ruins of a castle, and it has two handsome churches in Corinthian and Ionic architecture. The vine is well cultivated in the vicinity, and the town has some marufaitures of soap and brandy. Population, in 1887, 14,.334; in mon. 15,868. JUMMOO'. A town of British India. See Jam .Ml . JUM'NA. or JAMNA (Skt. Yamuna). A river in India, the principal triliutarv of the L'pper Ganges, rising among the .Jumnotri peaks in the Western Himalayas, at an altitude of about 12,000 feet (Map: India, D .3). It Hows at first south and then southeast through the United Provinces of Agra, emptying into the Ganges at .Mlahabad. Its length is about 8fi0 miles, and it receives a number of large tributa- ries, chiefly from the right, among which are the Chumbul. the Betwa. and the Ken. While so shallow as to be unsuited for navigation, the Jumna is of some importance owing to the East- ern and Western .Jumna canals, which are fed by its waters and are u^ed by light river craft and for purposes of irrigation. Both of them rejoin the .Jumna at Delhi. In the upper halt of its course the .Jumna occupies a more promi- nent position than the Ganges itself, both his- torically and politically. It was the first to obstruct the path of every early invader from the northwest: hence on its banks were built Agra and Delhi, the two capitals of the Moslem conquerors of India. JUMONVILLE, zhi.rniox'v(*-l'. N. Coii.on de n725-.'it). . French ofTicer who fought in Can- ada. He joined his brother, a captain, in New France, and was himself the ensign in command of a scouting party of thirty-five men sent out from Fort Duquesne. the new post built by the French at the head of the Ohio River, to spv upon and if possible warn off an English expedi- tion under Washington. The French and English were still nominally at peace, but these two parties had a skirmish in the woods (1754), in which .Tumonville was killed, and this trifling en- gagement was "the opening of the French and Indian War. JUMPEKS. A name given to certain Welsh Methodists, who indulged in leaping, dancing, and other bodily agitations in connection with their religious worship, citing in support of their nractice such passages as II. Sam. vi. 10: Luke i. 41 : Acts iii. 8. They are said to have origi- nated in the congregations nf Whitefield about 1760, and to have had followers among the
