and other State officers elective by the people instead of by electors. In the War of 1812 Kentucky took a distinguished part. Seven thousand volunteers, far more than Kentucky's quota, offered their services, and her troops fought gallantly in most of the battles in the northern part of the United States and in Canada, and about one-fourth of Jackson's army at New Orleans consisted of Kentucky riflemen. From the War of 1812 to the Mexican War the chief questions of interest in the history of Kentucky relate to financial and economic measures. Like the other Western States, Kentucky was swept into the financial craze. In 1818 the Legislature chartered 46 banks with a total capital of $8,720,000. In less than two years most of them had collapsed and ruin confronted large numbers of the people. The Legislature was appealed to for relief, and a measure for that purpose was passed, but the Supreme Court held it null and void. Not to be outdone, the relief party carried the Legislature, the judges were legislated out of office, and a new court created and filled with judges favorable to the relief measure. The old court refused to give way, and for a time there were two Supreme Courts, their supporters throughout the State being known as the Old Court and New Court parties. The Old Court Party finally triumphed. In the Mexican War, as in the War of 1812, Kentucky took an honorable part. Although her quota was but 2400, more than 10,000 volunteered and Kentucky troops participated in most of the battles fought on Mexican soil. In 1850 a new constitution was adopted which made all judges and county officers elective.
Upon the outbreak of the Civil War Kentucky attempted to maintain a position of neutrality, but the geographical position of the State rendered the scheme impossible. The Governor rejected President Lincoln's call for troops, and when the Confederate and Union armies began to pour into the State from opposite directions formal demands were made for their withdrawal. The Union armies soon took possession, and by 1862 the Confederate forces had evacuated the State. The more important military operations in Kentucky were the battles of Mill Spring, Richmond, and Perryville, the invasion of General Bragg, the five successive cavalry raids of the Confederate General Morgan, and Forrest's attack on Paducah. Including the so-called Home Guards and those who enlisted but were never mustered in, Kentucky furnished more than 90,000 troops to the Union Army, and 40,000 to the Confederacy. A considerable portion of the population adhered to the Confederacy, and in November, 1862, a convention irregularly chosen and claiming to represent sixty-five counties of the State passed an ordinance of secession, and the Confederate Congress went through the form of admitting the State to the Confederacy. Kentucky escaped from the carpetbag and military régimes, the civil authority having been reëstablished in October, 1865. In national elections Kentucky was a Democratic State from the date of its admission till the formation of parties about 1828. It voted for Clay in 1824 and for Jackson in 1828, but from this time till 1852 it was one of the strongest Whig States. It cast its vote for Buchanan in 1850 and for Bell in 1860. Since that time it has been Democratic with the exception of the year 1896, when it cast 12 of its electoral votes for Mr. McKinley and one for Mr. Bryan. The Governors of the State with their party affiliations have been as follows:
| Isaac Shelby | Democratic-Republican | 1792-06 |
| James Garrard | ““ | 1796-1804 |
| Christopher Greenup | ““ | 1804-08 |
| Charles Scott | ““ | 1808-12 |
| Isaac Shelby | ““ | 1812-16 |
| George Madison | ““ | 1816-20 |
| John Adair | ““ | 1820-24 |
| Joseph Desha | ““ | 1824-28 |
| Thomas Metcalf | Clay Democratic | 1828-32 |
| John Breathitt | Jackson Democrat | 1832-36 |
| James Clark | Whig | 1836-40 |
| Robert Letcher | “ | 1840-44 |
| William Owsley | “ | 1844-48 |
| John Crittenden | “ | 1848-50 |
| John Helm | Democrat | 1850-51 |
| Lazarus Powell | “ | 1851-55 |
| Charles Morehead | Whig | 1855-59 |
| Beriah Magoffin | Democrat | 1859-62 |
| James Robinson | “ | 1862-63 |
| Thomas E. Bramlette | “ | 1863-67 |
| John Helm | “ | 1867-67 |
| John Stephenson | “ | 1867-71 |
| Preston Leslie | “ | 1871-75 |
| James McCreary | “ | 1875-79 |
| Luke Blackburn | “ | 1879-83 |
| Proctor Knott | “ | 1883-87 |
| Simon B. Buckner | “ | 1887-91 |
| John Y. Brown | “ | 1891-95 |
| William Bradley | Republican | 1895-99 |
| William S. Taylor | “ | Jan. 2-31, 1900 |
| William Goebel | Democrat | Jan. 31-Feb. 3, 1900 |
| J. C. W. Beckham | “ | 1900— |
Bibliography. Filson, Histoire de Kentucky (Paris, 1785); Imlay, A Topographical Description of the Western Territory of North America (London, 1781-97); Marshall, The History of Kentucky (Frankfort, Ky., 1824); Butler, The History of the Commonwealth of Kentucky (Louisville, 1834); Arthur and Carpenter, History of Kentucky (Louisville, 1852); Shaler, Kentucky: A Pioneer Commonwealth (Boston, 1885); Perrin, History of Kentucky (Louisville, 1885-88); Brown, The Political Beginnings of Kentucky (Louisville, 1889); Durrett, The Centenary of Kentucky (Louisville, 1892); Kinkead, History of Kentucky (New York, 1896).
KENTUCKY. A river in the State of Kentucky. It is formed by several forks in the Cumberland Mountains on the southeastern boundary of the State, and flows in a winding northwest course for 200 miles, emptying into the Ohio River midway between Cincinnati and Louisville (Map: Kentucky, G 2). It flows through a region of romantic beauty, passing for a long distance between perpendicular rocks of limestone, through which it has worn its way. The region abounds in coal, iron, salt, and an excellent variety of marble. The navigation of the river has been improved by a system of locks and dams constructed at great cost, so that steamboats can ascend it 60 miles to Frankfort, and flatboats 100 miles farther.
KENTUCKY COFFEE-TREE. A North American tree. See Gymnocladus.
KENTUCKY RESOLUTIONS. See Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions.
KENTUCKY STATE AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE. A non-sectarian, coeducational institution at Lexington, Ky., established in 1865, and reorganized in 1880 under its present title. Its property comprises a campus of 52 acres, given by the city of Lexington, and the college buildings, valued in all at $471,000. Its income in 1902 was $106,252, derived from the land grant of 1862, and from State and national appropriations. It offers preparatory, collegiate, engineering, scientific, and agri-
