KEYES. 468 ( 1879) ; and Laws of Xew York Relating to Com- mon (Schools. KEYES, Ekasmus Darwin (1810-95). An American soldier, born at Brirafield, Mass. He graduated at West Point in 1832, and was on tluty in Charleston Harbor, 8. C, during the nul- lification excitement of that year. He was en- gaged in garrison duty or on frontier service against the Indians until the outbreak of the Civil War, when he was made colonel of the Eleventh Infantry, and sent to New York to organize an expedition for the relief of Fort Pickens. On May 17, 1861, he was made briga- dier-general of volunteers, and on July 21st took part in the first battle of Bull Run. During the Peninsular campaign he commanded the Fourth Army Corps, and was engaged in the siege of Yorktown (April 5 to May 4, 18G2), the battle of Fair Oaks (May 31, 1862), Malvern Hill (July 1, 1862), and other actions. He resigned on May 6, 1804, and removed to California, where lie was connected with various mercantile enter- prises. He published Fiftt/ Years' Observation of Men and Events, Civil and Military (1884). KEYHOLE LIMPET. A limpet of the ge- nus Fissurella, a shell allied to the ordinary lim- pet (q.v. ), but differing in that the apex is per- forated, the hole being of the shape and appear- ance of an old-fashioned keyhole. In very young shells the apex is entire and spiral. These shells are found on nearly all coasts. KEY ISLANDS. See Kei Islands. KEYNES, kenz, John Neville ( 1852— ) . An English logician and economist. He was born at Salisbury and was educated at Amersham Hall, at I'niver.sity College, London, and Pem- broke, Cambridge. For several years he was fellow of Pembroke College; in 1884 he was ap- pointed universit.v lecturer in moral science; and in 1802 a member of the council of the Univer- sity senate. He WTote: Studies and Exercises in Formal Logic (3d cd. 1894), and Scope and Method of Political Economy (2d ed. 1897). KEY-NOTE. In music the fundamental note from which the key takes its name. KEYS, Power of the (Lat. clavium potestas) . A theological term which denotes the supreme authority of the Church. It is prominently repre- sented by two golden keys in the insignia of the Pope, considered as the successor of Saint Peter, to whom Christ said: "1 will give unto thee the keys of the kingdom of heaven" (Matt. xvi. 19). A similar metaphor occurs in Isaiah xxii. 22, in Rev. i. 18 and iii. 7, in each of which passages the power of inclusion or of exclusion is implied by its u.se. Writers on canon law generally distinguish between the potestas ordinis and the potestas jurisdictionis. The former relates to the priestly powers inherent in the clergy by virtue of their ordination, and in particular to the power to offer the sacrifice of the mass. The latter relates to church government, whether it be the pastoral care and discipline of the parish priest or the universal sway of the sovereign pontiff. Here of course wide differences exist. In its fullness (the plenitudo potestatis) the power of jurisdiction, including executive, legis- lative, and judicial functions, resides only in the Pope, but in a more or less limited way it may be exercised by patriarchs, primates, arch- bishops, bishops, and priests. Constant evidence KEYSEE. of the authority of the hierarchy is held up before the people in the administration of dis- cipline through the sacrament of penance. Protestants hold a different view of the pas- sage in the Gospel of Matthew, and understand that whatever power the keys there symbolize was conferred upon the Church as a whole, and is to be exercised by the ministry and laity to- gether. It is held to include both doctrine and discipline, but not any such thing as the sacra- ment of penance. A few modern critics think some corruption has crept into the text in Matt. xvi. 19, so that the original meaning is lost, but there is no evidence of this in the text itself. See Penance; Discipline, Ecclesiastical. The position of the Papacy on the question of jurisdiction is stated in Pius IX's constitution Pastor .Eternus, published at the Vatican Coun- cil of 1870. The te.xt, with translation, is found in Schaff, Creeds of Christendom, vol. ii. (New York, 1877). In general consult: Hinschius, Kirchenrecht der Kaiholiken und Protestanten. (6 vols., Berlin. 1869-97); Baart, The Roman Court (New York, 1899). KEYSER, ki'zer, Epheaim (I850-). An American sculptor. He was born at Baltimore, I^Id., October 6, 1850, of German parentage. He studied at the Maryland Academy in 1871-72, and in 1872-76 at the Royal Academy of Munich, where he won a silver medal for his "Toying Page." In 1876-77 he studied at Berlin, under Albert Wolff, and here modeled "Psyche" (repli- ca, Cincinnati Museum), which won him the Michael Beer Prize, enabling him to .study in Rome for one year. He lived chiefly at Rome until 1894, when he was elected professor of sculpture at the Maryland Institute. Among his portrait busts are Cardinal Gibbons, Henry Har- land, President D. C. Oilman, Sidney Lanier, and others. His other works include the "Pet Fal- con," "Titania," "The Rose," "A Duet," and "Ye Old Storye." KEYSER, Hendrik de ( 1567-1621 ) . A Dutch architect and sculptor, born at Utrecht. He was a pupil of Cornelius Bloemaert in his native town, and then studied in Paris. On his return he .settled in Amsterdam with Bloemaert (1591), and three years afterwards was appointed city architect and sculptor. His works include the Court of the East India House and the Exchange at Amsterdam, the City Hall and the monument of William of Orange at Delft, the monument of Erasmus at Rotterdam, and the Ilagherbeets monument in Amsterdam, and the front of the Osterkirk at Hoorn. In these works he was as- sisted by his son Pieter, who completed several of them, and he himself erected the monument to Admiral Trorap at Delft. KEYSER, Jakob Rudolf (1803-64). A Nor- Tvegian historian and philologist. He was born and educated at Christiania, and in 1825 received a royal fellowship and traveled in Iceland mak- ing linguistic research. In 1828 he was made decent, and in 1829 lector, in history and statis- tics in the University of Christiania. His writ- ings were on the early history of Norway, espe- cially the ecclesiastical, and he edited many of the old Norse authors. With Munch he edited, at Government expense, Norges qamle Love (1846-49). His other more important works were: ifordmcsndenes Reliffionsforfatning i He-
