KOLBE. 579 KOLETTIS. He studied chemistry under WiJhler at GiJttingen, and was assistant to Uunsen and to Playfair. He was professor of chemistry from 1852 to 18115 at ilarljurg, and from 18(i5 to 1884 at Leipzig. Kolbe carried out many original researclics in the lield of organic chemistrj'. He investigated the eU'ctrolytic decomposition of organic acids; discovered an important syntlictic method for transforming conip^.unds of comparatively simple structure into allied compounds having a more complex structure; and discovered (1800), jointly with Lautermann, a method of making salicylic acid (q.v.) !)}■ the combination of carbolic and car- bonic acids. Kolbe edited Liebig and Wiihler's Hciiidwurtcrbiich der Cliciiiie, and was for many years editor of the Journal fiir pniilifiche Chemie. His pul)lications in book form inclucic; Aiisfuhr- liches hclirhiich der ornuiiisclicn Chemie (1855- 78, and a later edition) ; A"»;"('s Lehrbuch d^r anorpanischcn Chemie (2d ed. 1884) ; etc. One of Kolbe's chief titles to fame was his work as a scientific critic, many important researches pub- lished during his life having been subjected by him to the most careful scrutiny. However, he was altogether too conservative. Thus he ad- hered stubbornly to the older theories of chemi- cal constitution and refused to accept the modern structural theory in spite of the triumphs achieved by it. The theories of stereo-chemistry, too, were received by him with iiointed animosity. (See C'HEMI.STRT, section on History.) Consult: Hofmann, "Nekrolog auf H. Kolbe," in the Be- rirhte der dcutschcn cheinisclien (lesellfschaft for 1884, and the "Obituary," in the Journal of the Chemical Society (London, 1885). KOLBERG, kAllierK. . A seaport of the Prus- sian Province of l^omerania, on the Persante, near its mouth in the Baltic, 95 miles northeast of Stettin (Map: Prussia, F 1). Kolberg has a well-protected harbor at its suburb of Jliinde, which is a iavorite sea-batliing resort. Its indus- tries include iron-foundries, machine-works, and .saw-mills, and it is engaged in the fisheries. Its former strong fortifications have been demolished. The Church of Saint ilary is a handsome Gothic edifice dating from the fourteentli century, with richly decorated ceiling. The town hall was built bv Zwirner, the architect of the Cologne Cathedral. Population, in 1800, 17,000; in IIIOO. 20.241. Kol- berg hn<l ils orifiin in an old Slav fortress. It received municipal rights in 125.'). ;ind joined the Hanscatic League in 1284. In 1807 it held out, under fhieisenau and Schill, for six months against the French. KOLBING, kelljing, EuGEiy (1846-09). A German scholar, born at Herrnhut, Saxony, September 21, 184(i. After teaching at several gA'mnasiums he became a lecturer at the Univer- sity of Breslau in 187.3, and in 1880 was ap- pointed there (o (he professorship of the English iangu.Tge and liierature. which he retained until his death. Kiilbing edited a large number of works ill (^Ihl Xo:-se and Middle Knglisli. his spe- cial interest being in the medieval romance. His works comprise: Vntcrsuchungen iiher den Atis- fall des Helnlirpronomcns in den germaninchen Kprachen (1872) ; Veber die nordischen Qestalten der Partenopeussape (1873); Bcitriiye zur ver- ejleiehcnden Gcschichfe der romanixchcn Poesie vnd Prosa den Mittehilterx (1870). Kiilbing translated from the Tcelandio Die ficschichte mn flnnnliiny t<chlanf]cnziiniic (1878). From 1877 he published Knglische Studien, and founded the equally important Attcnglische liihliothek ia 188,3. He had also begun (1803) an elaborate critical edition of Byron, only two parts of whicii, containing the tiieye of Corinth and The Prisoner of Chilton, and Other Poems, have appeared. AH Kolbing's work is charaeteriz<?d by extreme care and accuracy; in all his investigations he was filled with the scientific spirit. He died at- Herrenalb, August 9, 1890. KOLDE, kol'de, Theodor (1850—). A Ger- man theologian, born at Friedland, in Silesia, studied at the universities of Breslau and Leip- zig. In 1870 he commenced lecturing on theology at the University of Marburg, where he became professor extraorJinaiy in 1879. In 1881 he was made professor of Church history at the Uni- versity of Erlangen. His principal publications include: Luthcrs fitellung zu Konzil iind Kirche lis zum Worn>ser Reichstag {1876) ; Die deutsche Augustinerkonyreyatirin mid Johaiiii run Slaupitz (1879); Friedrieh der Weise und die Anfiinge der Reformation (1881); itartin Luther. Eine liiographie (1884-93) ; Luthers Heltjstmord. Eine aeschichtslugc Majunkes (3d ed. 1890) ; Veber (Irenzen des liistorisicheH Erkennens (1891). KOLDEWEY, k<M'de-vI, Kabl (1837 — ). A German Polar explorer, born at Biicken in Han- over. He made several voyages in his youth, studied navigation at the Polytechnikum in Han- over, and at the L'niversity of fjiittingen, and in 1808 and 1809 commanded the first and second German polar expeditions. On his return he liccame first assistant at the naval observatory. He published: Die ersle deutsche yordpolar- Expedition IStiS (1871); Die zifcitc deutsche ordpolarfahrt (1873-74). His scientific works are published in the .innalen ,der U ydrographie und maritimen Meteorologie, and the publications of the Naval Institute. KOLDING, kol'dlng. A seaport of Denmark, situated at the head of Kolding Fiord, an arm of the Little Belt, and at the mouth of Kolding River (Jlap: Denmark, C 3). The town possesses the ruins of the castle of Koldinghus, built in the thirteenth century, and formerly a residence of the Danish kings. It has increased in importance very rapidly during the last cen- tury, having now a number of im]iortant build- ings, an electric light ]ihint. and other improve- ments. It has a good harbor and a flourishing trade in grain and ]irovisions, timber, catgut, lard, and hides. Population, in 1901, 12,5,30. Koldim; has many times during its history suf- fered from the ravages of war; in 1849 it was the scene of a Danish defeat by the Schleswig-Hol- stein insurgents. KOLETTIS. kolet'tes, .Toaxnis (1788-1847). A Greek patriot and statesman, born at Syrakos, near .Tanina. In 1821 he was one of the first lead- ers of the Revolution, and subsequently took a prominent part in the Government. When Capo <rislria became President (1827). Kolettis was chosen a member of the Panhelleiiion, but opposed the Government in the latter part of Capo d'ls- tria's Presidency. He became a member of the Provisional Government on the nuirder of the President, and later of the Commission of Seven which offered the crown to Prince Otho of Ba- varia. On his accession to the throne. King Otho made him Minister of the Interior (18,33) and president of his Cabinet. In 1835 he was Ambassador at Paris, but he was recalled in
