LAHR. 697 LAIRD. deserves notice. Lahr tarries on considerable manufactures of linen and woolen tlotli, hats, horsehair doth, artilicial liowers, leather, and tobacco. Population, in 11100, 13,570. XAIBACH, li'biiti, or LAYBACH. The cap- ital of the Austrian Cruwnland of Carniola, situ- ated on the Laibach Kiver, 45 miles norllieast of Triest (Map: Austria, D 3). It contains a number of fine promenades and squares, adorned with monuments, among which the most notable is the bronze bust of Kadetzliv. The ecclesiastical edifices are larijely of recent origin. Other notc- wortliy l)uikiings are the Rathaus, the old castle on the Schlossborg outside of the town, and the palaces of the bisliop and the counts of Auers- perg. The educational institutions include the gymnasia, a seminary for teachers of both sexes, a number of special scliools.and a museum. There are a large hospital and a penitentiary. Laibach manufactures cotton goods, churcli liells, tobacco, and machinery and other iron products. It is the seat of a prince-bisliop. Its commerce is of some importance. In the iieigliboring Laibach Fen have been found interesting lake dwellings. Pop- ulation, in 1800. 31,003; in 1900, 36,547, mostly Slavic. Laibacli is believed to occupy the site of the Roman Acmona or Hemona. It flourished under the rule of the Franks. In 976 it became the capital of C'arintliia and Carniola, and at the end of the thirleenUi century passed under the rule of the House of Hapsburg. It was the seat of the French dominion of the Illvrian provinces from 1809 to 1813. In 1821 Laibach was the scene of the famous congress of mon- archs, convened for the purpose of putting an end to carbonarism in Italy, and to restore Na- ples and Sicily to tlioir former political status. The result of the congress was the passing of resolutions establisliing among European nations the right of armed intervention in the affairs of any neigblinring States in case of internal political disturbances. Most of the larger Euro- pean countries were represented at the congress, against whose action England protested. LAIiyLAW, William (17801845). Friend and amanuensis of Sir Walter Scott. He was bcrn at Blackliouse, Selkirkshire, and after farming with little success became steward to Scott, who placed a high value on his counsel and friendship. Laidlaw wrote several lyrics, but the simiile balhid "Lucy's Flittin' " alone is remembered. LAINEZ, li'nath, Diego. See Laynez. LAING, lang, Alexander Gordon (1793- 1826). A British explorer, born in Edinburgh. He was educated at the university of his native city, and in 1810 became an ensign in the Edin- burgh Volunteers. The next year he went to the West Indies, where he served until 1822, when he took command of a company in the Royal African Corps, and was ordered to Sierra Leone. During the next two years he made extensive explorations in the neighboring countries, and in 1824. dur- ing a visit to England, was ordered by the Co- lonial Secretary to undertake a journey by way of Tripoli and Timbiictoo to the source of the Niger. He was the first European to reach the latter city, which be entered on .ugust IS. 1S26. He left it about September 24. and two days later was murdered by .Arabs who were prob- ably actins; under instnietions from the Bashaw of Tripoli. -An account of his earlier explo- rations was published in 1825 under the title Travels in Tiinmatincc, Kooranko, utul Hooliina, Countries of Western Africa. Consult Chambers, Eminent Scotsmen (vol. ii.) and Nelson, Me- moirs of Oudney, Clapperton, and Laing (1830). LAING, David (17931878). A Scotch an- tiquary, born and educated at Edinburgh. He became an apprentice in his father's book store; traveled abroad to buy books; met Lockhart, and became a friend of Scott. He was secretary of .'icolt's IJannatyne Club, and editor of many of its publications. He was made honorary pro- fessor of antiquities for the Royal Scottish Acad- emy in 1854. His many works include the follow- ing: The Helect Remains of the Ancient ['upular Poetry of Scotland {1S21) ; Fugitive Scottish Poe- try (1823-25); The Poems of ^'illiam. Dunbar (1834) ; Lauder's ilemorahle Occurrents (1840) ; Letters and Journals of Robert Ilaillie, l(i-n-lii (1841); The Collected UorAs of John Knox (1840-04) ; Soles of Ben Jonson's Conversations leith Drummond of Haicthornden (1842); and Garden's Theatre of Scottish- Worthies (1878); besides several important works on etchings and engravings. LAING, Malcolm (17021818). A Scotch historian. He was born in JIainland. Orkney, near Kirkwall, where he received his earlier edu- cation; attended Edinburgh University, and was admitted to the bar in 1785. His ability at- tracted some attention, but he gave up law as a profession to devote himself to historical re- search. His writings, although somewhat awk- ward in stvle, arc thorough and accurate. He continued Henry's History of Great liritain (17931 ; and wrote a History of Scotland from the Union of the Crowns, on the Accession of James TV. to the Throne of England, to the Union of the Kingdoms (1802). LAING, Samvel (1810-97). A British au- thor and politician, born at Edinburgh, and edu- cated at Cambridge, where he taught mathe- niatics for a time. He studied law and entered political life as secretary to Labouchere of the Kiireau of Commerce, who gave him special charge of the Department of Railway Construc- tion. He was a disciple of Gladstone, became member of Parliament f<u- Wick (1852). held several positions under the Liberal Government. was president of the society which instituted the Sydenham Crystal Palace Exhibition (1854), and a director of railways in France, Belgium, and Canada. During lSCO-05 he was Minister of Finance in India, and he wrote about that coun- try and Chin.T. His chief publications include: Modern Science and Modern Thought (1885): Problems of the Future (1889); and Human Origins (1892), LAIRD, DAin (1833—). A Canadian states- man. Ho was born in New Glasgow, Prince Ed- ward Island, and was educated at the Presby- terian Theologieal Seminary, Truro, N. S. He founded and became editor of The Patriot of Charlottetown. He sat in the Assembly of his native province, and as a meml)er of the Execu- tive Council was a delesatc to Ottawa to nego- tiate f<u- the union of Prince Edward Island with the Dominion Government. After the union he was a member of the Dominion Parlia- ment, served as Minister of the Interior ( 1873- 70). and became in 1876 Lieutenant-Governor of the Northwest Territories. In 1874 as commis-
