eral Pope, who with the combined forces of Banks, Shields, and Frémont was assuming the offensive in northern Virginia. He first defeated Banks at Cedar Mountain on August 9th, and by a rapid flank movement gained Pope's rear and his depot of supplies at Manassas Junction. On August 29-30 the Confederates under Lee and Jackson achieved a decisive victory over Pope in the second battle of Bull Run, which forced him to fall back upon the Potomac. In Lee's invasion of Maryland, which immediately followed, Jackson was detached to capture Harper's Ferry, which fell into his hands, together with more than 11,500 prisoners and considerable material of war. At Antietam, on September 17th, he commanded the Confederate left wing. At Fredericksburg, December 13th, Jackson, who had recently been promoted to be lieutenant-general, commanded the right of the Army of Northern Virginia, and repelled the attack made by Burnside's left grand division under Franklin. In the following spring the new commander of the Army of the Potomac, General Hooker, crossed the Rappahannock and attempted to interpose his command between Lee and Richmond, sending nearly all his cavalry under Stoneman to cut the Confederate communications with Richmond. The Federal forces, drawn up at Chancellorsville, were greatly superior in strength and were strongly intrenched, excepting on the extreme right of their line. Taking advantage of this weakness, Jackson, on May 2d, with Lee's consent, withdrew his corps from the front, made a long and rapid detour, came in unobserved on the enemy's right flank (Howard's corps), and, screened by the dense wood, advanced in three lines and burst like a tornado upon the unsuspecting Federals. After a slight effort at resistance, the greater part of Howard's corps fled panic-stricken to the rear, hotly pursued by Jackson's men, who were, however, greatly impeded by the underbrush and lost their formation. With a small escort Jackson advanced in front of his lines, between eight and nine o'clock p.m., to reconnoitre. As he was returning his party was mistaken for Federal cavalry, and was fired upon by the Confederates. Jackson was severely wounded in the left arm and right hand. On the following day his left arm was amputated, and he seemed in a fair way to recover, but pneumonia set in, from which he died May 10, 1863. Jackson was conspicuous not only for his military ability, but also for his personal virtues. Like Cromwell, he blended the devoutness of the Puritan with the severity of the soldier. He never began a battle without a prayer, and after a victory publicly gave thanks to God. He was very gentle in his social relations, and he believed in making war with consideration for all non-combatants, but to the bitter end, relentlessly, against all enemies of his cause. He resembled Sheridan in the soundness of his judgment, quickness to seize an advantage, and personal magnetism, but, like that general, the full measure of his capacity was never tested. When Lee heard of his wounds he exclaimed: “General Jackson has lost his left arm; I have lost my right arm.”
He was buried at Lexington, Va. There is a monument to his memory in one of the public parks in Richmond, and the spot where he received his death wound is marked by a plain granite shaft bearing his name. Jackson was twice married, first to Miss Eleanor Junkin, and second to Miss Mary A. Morrison. Biographies have been published by R. L. Dabney (New York, 1863); John Esten Cooke (1866); Mary A. Cooke (his wife) (New York, 1892). Consult especially a critical study of his campaigns, by Col. G. F. Henderson, entitled Life and Campaigns of Stonewall Jackson (London and New York, 1900).
JACKSON, William (1730-1803). An English composer, born at Exeter. He was placed by his father under the care of the organist of Exeter Cathedral, and in 1748 went to London, where he studied under John Travers, organist of King's Chapel. Upon his return to Exeter he became a teacher and composer, and in 1777 organist and master of the choristers of the cathedral. He left two operas, The Lord of the Manor (1780) and The Metamorphosis (1783), besides many songs, sacred compositions, and concerted pieces, which were much admired in England. The Lord of the Manor was exceedingly popular for more than fifty years, and of his Church music the Service in F is still occasionally given. His Six Elegies for Three Voices Dr. Burney considered the best of his works. He published Thirty Letters on Various Subjects (1782), and The Four Ages, Together with Essays on Various Subjects (1798). He was also a landscape painter, and exhibited at the Royal Academy.
JACKSON, William Lawies (1840—). An English politician. He was born in Yorkshire. was educated privately and at a school conducted by the Moravians, and entered upon a business career. In 1876 he sought election to the House of Commons as member for Leeds in the Conservative interest, but was defeated. In 1880 he was successful in North Leeds, and was returned for that constituency on four subsequent occasions. His abilities were recognized in 1885 in his appointment as Financial Secretary to the Treasury in Lord Salisbury's first Administration, and he held the same office in the second Administration of that statesman, formed in 1886. In 1890 he was appointed Privy Councilor, and in 1891-92 served as Chief Secretary for Ireland. While engaged in politics he maintained his connection with business enterprises, and was for some time chairman of the Great Northern Railway Company.
JACKSON SQUARE. A public square of New Orleans, La., formerly the Place d'Armes, and renamed for Andrew Jackson, who in 1815 defeated the British at New Orleans.
JACK′SONVILLE. A city and the county-seat of Duval County, Fla., 14 miles from the Atlantic Ocean, and 30 miles southwest of Fernandina; on the Saint Johns River, and on the Seaboard Air Line, the Plant System, the Southern, the Florida East Coast, and other railroads (Map: Florida, G 1). It is connected with New York, Charleston, and other Atlantic coast ports by steamship, and since the completion of the improvements in the river has become an important shipping-point for lumber, shingles, cross-ties, cotton, phosphates, kaolin and clay, oranges, garden produce, naval stores, etc. The city has also a considerable wholesale and retail trade. Prominent among the industrial establishments are cigar factories, lumber and planing mills, mattress and palmetto-fibre factories, carriage works, iron-foundries, brick-yards, ship-yards, and
