LIOY. 306 LIPPE. He was elected to the Italian Parliament after the Austrian evaluation, took some part in politics, voting with the -Moderate Liberal Party, and wrote some tictions, biographies of Agassiz and of Darwin, and the following important scientilic works: Ui una .staziuiw laciistra .ivoijcria iiel logo di FimoH { 18(i4, ;id ed. 1876) ; La ahitazioni laciistri dclla eld dclla pieira (1805); Coii- fereuze scienli/iche (1872, Id ed. 1877); /S'wt hiiihi (1884) ; and Escursionv nel cielo (4d ed. 1885), as well as other works on alpine climb- ing. LIPA, le'pa. A town of Luzon, Philippines, in the Province of Batangas (Map: Philippine Lslands, F G). It is situated in a mountainous district, 14 miles northeast of Batangas, on the proposed railroad between that city and Manila. It is a progressive town, the largest in the prov- ince both in extent and population, and has a large church, and good schools and markets. Good military roads lead from it, and it is an impor- tant centre for (lie sugar, coffee, and tobacco trade. Population, 14,000: of the municipality, 40,733. LIFAN, le-pan'. A roving and predatory Athapascan tribe formerly ranging chiclly in southeastern Texas, between the Nueces and the Kio Grande, as well as in the adjacent northern titates of Mexico. They lived entirely by hunting, without any fixed habitation or territorial claim, in consequence of which the estimates of their numbers vary greatly, but they were estimated at 2000 in 1822 and 800 in 1816, the latter num- ber being probably near the true figure. In 1847, in consetpience of an encounter with Texas troops, they (led far up into Texas, where they joined forces with the kindred Mescalero and remained bitterly hostile for several years. About this time they were described as having many guns and being perhaps the bravest and most daring of all the native Texas tribes. In 1855 tlicy were reported to have crossed the Rio (irande and settled in Mexico under protection of that Government. There is no evidence that they ever returned as a tribe, although a few- individuals, perhaps fifty in all, are living with the Me.scalero. Kiowa-Apache, and Tonkawa in this country, but the main body is supposed to be settled with other refugee Indians from the United States, in the Santa Rosa Mountains of (oahuila. Northern Mexico. LIPARI, lip'.a-ri or le'pa-rs (or .Eolian), ISLANDS. A group of small islands in the ^Mediterranean, immediately north of Sicily, be- tween 14° 15' and 15° 15' east longitude (Map: Italy. J 9). It consists of Lipari. the largest island, Salina, Vulcano, Filicuri. Stromboli, Panaria, and Alicuri. and a few islets. The total area is al)Out 50 square miles. They are all of volcanic origin, and the islands of Stromboli and Vulcano still contain active vol- canoes, Stromboli having been the scene of an eruption in 1002. The climate is mild and healthful. In spite of their volcanic nature, mountainous surface, and scarcity of w-ater. the islands are. as a rule, well cultivated, prodiicing wine, currants, olives, figs, and other southern fniits. The island of Lipari yields large quanti- ties of pumice-stone and contains hot springs. The group forms a part of the Sicilian Province of Messina. Population, in 1001. 20.455. The town of Lipari, on the eastern coast of the island of the .same name, has a good harbor. Popula- tion, in 1881, 4968. Consult Die liparische Inseln (Prague, 1803 et seq.). LIP'ABITE. See Rhyolite. LIP'ASE ( from Gk. Miros, Upas, Itos, lipos, fat ) . An enzyme which saponifies fats, i.e. de- composes them into fatty acids and glycerin. Among plants lipase is found in oily seeds when they germinate. It is especially abundant in such seeds as castor-oil, hemp, rape, aiul flax. It ia doubtless also present in other parts of the plant where oil constitutes a reserve food. In germi- nating seeds the oil gradually disappears, the lipase digesting it and so rendering it available for the nutrition of the young embrj'o. The pre- cise products of its action are not known. LIPETSK, lye'petsk. The capital of the Dis- trict of Lipetsk in the Government of Tambov, Russia, situated on the Voronezh, 107 miles west of the town of Tambov (Map: Russia, E 4). It has manufactures of spirits, sugar, iron, brick, and tallow. There arc exports of grain. It has noted chalybeate springs. Population, in 1897, 20,323. LIP'OGBAM (from (Jk. elTreii>, leipeiii, to leave + ypa.fj.ij.a, ijramtna, letter). A species of verse characterized by the exclusion of a certain letter, either vowel or consonant. The earliest author of lipogrammatic verse was the Greek poet La.sus (born li.c. 538) ; and it is recorded of one Tryphiodorus. a Grieeo-Egyptian writer of the same period, that, he composed an Odyssey in tcnty-four hooks, from each of which, in suc- cession, one of the letters of the Greek alphabet was excluded. Fabius Claudius Gordianus Ful- gentius, a Christian monk of the sixth century, performed a similar feat in Latin. In modern times the Spaniards have been most addicted to this laborious frivolity. Lope de Vega wrote five novehs, from each of which one of the vowels is excluded ; but several French poets have also practiced it. The subject is discussed by Addison in an essay on true and false wit in No. 59 of the Spectator. Consult Wheatley's book on A iKiyramfi (1862). LIPPE, lip'pe (sometimes called LIPPE- DETMOLD, det'molt). A principality and con- stituent State of the German Empire, bounded by the Prussian provinces of Westphalia and Han- over and an enclave of the Principality of Wal- deck (Map: Germany, C 2). It occupies, to- gether with its three small exclaves in West- phalia, an area of 409 square miles. The region is generally hilly and well wooded. In the southwestern part it is traversed by the Teutoburger Wald. where it reaches an altitude of over 1500 feet. Hydrographically it belongs to the basin of the Weser. and is watered by the Werre and several other tributaries of that river. The Weser also touches it on the north for a short di.stance. The climate is moderate and healthful. With the exception of salt, there are practically no minerals in the principality. Mineral springs are found in some parts. The soil is of indilTerent fertility, but agriculture is nevertheless the chief occupation. The land is divided principally into medium holdings, which are protected from subdivision by the right of primogeniture. Over one-half of the area is under crops, chiefly rye and oats. Stock-raising is also of importance. Lippe is one of the best wooded parts of Ger-
