LYDIA. 569 LYGODItTM. identified by the Greeks with Zeus; a moon-god, Jkleu ; and in some places a sun-god. The cult was, in general, orgiastic, and the worshipers often mutilated themselves. Consult : Radet, La Lydie et le monilc yrec au temps des ilennnades (Paris, 1893) ; Ramsay, Historical Geography of Asia Minor (London, 1800) : Perrot and Chipiez, Uis- toire dc I'art dans Vantiquiti, vol. v. (Paris, ISOO; Enfrlish translation. Xew York, 1892); Buresch, Xus Lydien (Leipzig, 1898); "Coins," in Head. Catalogue of the Greek Coins of Lydia ( London, 1901), vol. xxii. of the British Museum Catalogue. LYDIA LANGUISH. A romantic girl in Sheridan's Rivals, devoted to sentimental novels, from which she draws her standards of real life. She is sought by Captain Absolute under the dis- guise of Ensign Beverley. LYE (AS. leah, OHG. louga, laiiga, Ger. Lunge ; connected with Icel. laiig, warm bath, and ultimately with Lat. lavare, lucre, Gk. oi€iv, loucin, to wash). A term applied to the alkaline solution obtained by treating ashes with water. LY'ELL, Sir Charles (1797-1875). One of the most eminent contributors to geological science. He was born at Kinnordy, Scotlantl, the son of Charles Ljell, who attained some dis- tinction as a scientist and student of Dante. He received his early education at ilidhurst and entered E.eter College, Oxford, where his inter- est in science was awakened by attendance upon the lectures of Dr. Buckland. After receiving the degree of il.A. in 1821 he was entered as student at Lincoln's Inn, and in due time was called to the bar. While pursuing his profes- sional duties he was a frequent contributor to scientific journals and took an active part in the meetings of the Geological and Linnican Societies of Loudon. The value of his work was confirmed by election to a fellowship in the Koyal Society in 1820. as well as by commendatory no- tices from Cuvier, Humboldt, and other savants of the day. In 1828, for the purpose of broaden- ing his knowledge of science, he accompanied Sir Roderick Murchison on a tour of Europe. While traveling in Sicily he remarked the evidences of recent elevation of the island, which strengthened his belief in the theon,- that great geological changes do not require catastrophic agencies for their accomplishment : and he worked out a stra- tigraphic division for the Tertiary fonnation based upon the relative proportion of living to extinct species of mollusks found in the rocks. The first volume of his great work. Principles of Qeoloqy, appeared in 1830. the second in 1832, and the third in 1833. A third edition of the whole work was published in 1834, and other editions were issued in rapid succession. In 1835 Lyell was elected president of the Geo- logical Society of London. He visited the I'nited States in 1841, when he lectured before the Low- ell Institute in Boston, and again in 184.5-46; the results of his scientific and political studies during his visits to America were embodied in book-form. He was knighted in 1848, and later he received a baronetcy. He was elected to mem- bership in many foreign scientific societies, and served as president of the British Association for the .Advancement of Science. He died in London. February 22, 1875, and was buried in Westminster Abbey. Lyell has justly been called the founder of modem geologi,-. While not the originator of the doctrine of uniforniitarianism (q.v. ), he was its stauchest and ablest advocate, and was com- pletely successful in securing its universal adop- tion by geologists. Lyell was also inlluential in securing recognition for Darwin's theory oi evolution, which in a way was but the logical out- come of the Principles of Geology. In addition to this great work, which has passed through twelve editions, Lyell contributed over 75 papers to various society journals, and also wrote the following extended works: Elements of tjeology (1838); Travels in yorth America, toilh Geo- logical Observations (1845); A Hecond Visit to the United States of "Sorih America (1849); The Antiquity of Man ( 18C3) ; and The Student's Elements of Geology (1871). For an estimate of Lyell's services to science, consult: Gcikie, The Founders of Geology (London, 1897); for an account of his life, consult Life and Letters of Sir Charles Lyell, edited by Mrs. Lyell, his sister-in-law (London, 2 vols., 1881); and also consult the letters to and from Charles Darwin in the volumes of Darwin's correspondence (1903). LYGOTJIUM: (Xeo-Lat.. from Gk. i-,<iorit, lygodes, withy-shaped, from v~/os, lygos, withy -j- eljos, cidos, i'orm ) . A genus of climbing ferns. LVnODIfU P-ILMATCM. with twining or climbing fronds which bear stalked and variously lobed free-veined divisions in pairs. Several species are natives of warm countries; only one (Lygodium palmaluni) is found in North America, its range being from
