ck'tlid to Congress in tlic year following, and
served in the Lower Mouse for seven luiiseculive
lernis. In liis first term, in connectiim with the
Wood Tariir Jiill. lie upheld the protectionist
policy, although his early views on the subject
liave been considered as less positive than those
which he expressed in his later years. Xot only
upon that subject did the development of his
views seem to some to show inconsistencies, but
also with reference to financial questions was
there an even more marked change, inasmuch as
he stood with the Western wing of his party in
favor of the reiuonetization of silver, and voted
for the Bland-Allison Bill, even against the veto
of President Hayes. When Garlield was trans-
ferred to the Senate, McKinley succeeded him as
a member of the Ways and Means C^ommittee of
the House. In the same term he spoke vigorously
against the repeal of the Federal Election Law,
and his speech on the subject was used as a cam-
paign document in 1S80. In that campaign he
served as a member of the Republican National
Committee, was chairman of the Ohio State Con-
vention, and was himself reelected to Congress.
In the next national campaign also he took an
active part, drafting the tariff plank in the
Kepublican platform. In the succeeding adminis-
tration he became a leader in opposition to the
Wills Bill and to President Cleveland's plan of
tariff reform. Again in the campaign of 1888 he
j)rei)ared the tariff plank of the Republican plat-
form, being chairman of the Committee on Reso-
lutions. He was one of the managers of the
eami)aign of John Sherman, although at one time
it seemed that the convention would be turned
to himself. He prevented that contingency', how-
ever, by a vigorous speech. By this time
he was recognized as a distinctively national
leader, and although Thomas B, Reed .secured
the Speakership of the House, McKinley was
made chairman of the Committee on Ways and
Means, and in that position framed and carried
lliniugli Congress the highly protectionist tariff
which bears his name. (See Tariff.) In the
election of 1890 he was defeated. Ending his
Congressional service in 1891. he was in the same
year elected (iovernor of Ohio by a plurality of
more than 21,000 over Campbell, who in 1890'had
carried the State by 11,000, and the success was
emphasized in 189,3, when McKinley was reelected
by about 81.000 |)lurality. The foiir years of his
service as (iovernor were marked by the estab-
lishment of a State Board of Arbitration, by
improvement in the organization of the National
(iuard, and by other evidences of effective admin-
istration. His first term, however, was disturbed
by serious emlxirrassment in his personal
finances, from which he was relieved by the as-
sistance of a number of friends, chiefly friends
whose political relations with the Governor
seemed at times to make the relief more prolific
of criticism than insolvency would have been.
His second term was marked by the activ-
ity of the corporate interests, particularly
of the promoters and backers of street railways,
and the Governor's connection with legislation
on these matters was .such as to provoke much
hostile comment. His policy with reference to
the charitable institutions of the State also was
such as to give his opponents opportunity for
severe criticism, although in general his admin-
istrations Avere such as to enhance his reputation
outside of his State and to mark him still more
plainly as a national leader, He was thus the
natural and the leading candidate licfore the
Saint Louis Convention in 1890, where on the
first ballot he received 0G1(. votes. Coming out
now strongly for the gold standard, in accord-
ance with his party's platform, he quieted the
fears aroused by his earlier course and even by
his support of the Shcrnum Bill so late as 1890,
and took a vigorous lead in the work against the
free-silver campaign of Bryan, His personal
campaign was unusual in that he remained at
Canton throughout, making, however, some 300
speeches from his own porch and therc address-
ing in the aggregate probably a million persons.
Although he received in the popular vote a plu-
rality of only about 000,000 votes in a total of
more than 14,000,000 votes, he nevertheless re-
ceived 271 electoral votes as against 170 cast for
Bryan. Garret A. Hobart was elected Vice-
President. JIcKinley's first administration was
characterized particularly by the events and poli-
cies incident to the acquisition of extensive colo-
nial possessions. The war with Spain, ])recipitat-
ed by the conditions in Cuba, resulted through the
treaty of December 10, 1898, in the annexation of
Porto Rico, of the Philippine Islands, and of
Guam, upon the pajment to Spain of $20,000,000,
and resulted also in the termination of Spanish
sovereignty in Cuba, For the remainder of
McKinley's service as President, the efi'orts of
the Administration were directed to the organiza-
tion and maintenance of proper local administra-
tion throughout Cuba, to the general improve-
ment of the material and social condition of the
people, and to the preparation of the inhabitants
for the conduct of a general republican form of
government, which was to be instituted under
the direction of the President's successor. Equally
without precedent in our history were the exi-
gencies presented in the problem of administering
colonial dependencies, a problem which in the
early years was made still more difficult by the
]irotracted warfare carried on by portions of the
Pliili])pine population. Through the efficiency
of the administrators selected by the President,
and especially through the effective work of the
commission headed by Judge William H. Taft,
the close of McKinley's first administration saw
the greater portion of the newly acquired islands
in a condition of peace and with an orderly
administration of government, in which the
natives shared, and with most of the attendant
circumstances such as to justify the claim flint
the assumption of the duties of colonial admin-
istration had been successfully eft'ected. By this
development, however, many new problems, both
of politics and of jurisprudence, were presented,
and in such a manner as to make impressive the
fact that under McKinley the nation had entered
upon what in various respects seemed to be
a new course of development. Furthermore,
during his administration, in August. 1898,
Hawaii finally became a part of the United
States, and two years later received a Terri-
torial Government, with the right to a delegate
in Congress. At the close of 1809 negotia-
tions were concluded by which the trip.irtite con-
trol of Samoa (q.v.) was terminated, and the
United States secured control of Tutuila with
the harbor of Pago-Pago. A number of reci-
procity treaties were concluded, so that from
many points of view the Administration seemed
engaged in an expansion of influence and of ter-