tion was hastened by the fact that the inhabitants of Maine were Democratic in their political sympathies and tolerated with difficulty the rule of Federalist Massachusetts. In the War of 1812 Maine was left ill defended by Massachusetts, and its territory east of the Penobscot was occupied by the British. After the war the separatist movement grew rapidly. Probably, however, the desire for separation from Massachusetts would not have been so quickly realized if the struggle over the admission of Missouri into the Union had not brought about the necessity of admitting a Northern State to preserve the balance of power. On March 15, 1820, Maine became a State. Industry and commerce received a great impetus after the War of 1812, but throughout the nineteenth century the increase in wealth and population was rather steady than swift. The dispute with England concerning the northeastern boundary of the State was the cause of constant quarrels between the inhabitants of Maine and New Brunswick. The officials sent out by both to take possession of the disputed lands on the Saint Croix River came into collision and hostilities were prevented only by the negotiation of the Ashburton Treaty (q.v.) in 1842. The only important subject of legislation in the State of other than local interest has been that of prohibition. After some tentative lawmaking, a stringent prohibitory law, passed in 1858, was incorporated into the Constitution, and has remained in force ever since. Many minor regulations looking toward the effectual execution of the prohibitory law have been passed at frequent intervals, but prohibition on the whole has not turned out entirely successful, and evasions of the law are frequent. Before 1856 Maine was generally Democratic in State elections, and only once (1840) voted against the Democratic candidate in Presidential elections. Since 1856 it has been emphatically Republican except in the years 1878 and 1880. when the Democrats and Greenback Party in fusion succeeded in electing their candidate for Governor. The Governor chosen in 1878 was Alonzo Garcelon. In 1879 an election for members of the Legislature took place, and Governor Garcelon, desirous of gaining the Legislature for the fusion party, seized every opportunity afforded by the irregular but time-honored way in which elections were conducted to refuse certificates to Republican candidates and seat Democrats in their place; a Democratic majority was thus secured, and the Legislature was organized. The Republicans organized a rival body and proceeded to elect a Governor, since no candidate had received a majority at the polls. Peace was preserved by the militia until a decision of the Supreme Court established the legality of the Republican Legislature. In 1891 the Australian ballot law was passed. The Constitution of Maine was adopted on October 29, 1819, and is still in force, having been amended hetween 1841 and 1881.
The following have been the Governors of the State since its admission into the Union:
| William King | Democrat | 1820-21 |
| William D. Williamson (acting) | Democrat | 1821 |
| Albion K. Parris | Democrat | 1822-27 |
| Enoch Lincoln | “ | 1827-29 |
| Nathan Cutter (acting) | “ | 1829-30 |
| Jonathan D. Hunton | “ | 1830-31 |
| Samuel E. Smith | “ | 1831-34 |
| Robert P. Dunlap | “ | 1834-38 |
| Edward Kent | Whig | 1838-39 |
| John Fairfield | Democrat | 1839-40 |
| Edward Kent | Whig | 1840-41 |
| John Fairfield | Democrat | 1841-43 |
| Edward Kavanagh | “ | 1843-44 |
| Hugh J. Anderson | “ | 1844-47 |
| John W. Dana | “ | 1847-50 |
| John Hubbard | “ | 1850-53 |
| William G. Crosby | Whig and Free-Soil | 1853-55 |
| Anson P. Morrill | Republican | 1855-56 |
| Samuel Wells | Democrat | 1856-57 |
| Hannibal Hamlin | Republican | 1857 |
| Joseph H. Williams (acting) | “ | 1857-58 |
| Lot M. Morrill | “ | 1858-60 |
| Israel Washburn | “ | 1861-63 |
| Abner Coburn | “ | 1863-64 |
| Samuel Cony | “ | 1864-67 |
| Joshua L. Chamberlain | “ | 1867-71 |
| Sidney Perham | “ | 1871-74 |
| Nelson Dingley | “ | 1874-76 |
| Selden Connor | “ | 1876-79 |
| Alonzo Garcelon | Democrat-Greenback | 1879-80 |
| Samuel F. Davis | Republican | 1880-81 |
| Harris M. Plaistead | Democrat-Greenback | 1881-83 |
| Frederick Robie | Republican | 1883-87 |
| Joseph K. Bodwell | “ | 1887 |
| Sebastian S. Marble (acting) | “ | 1887-89 |
| Edwin C. Burleigh | “ | 1889-93 |
| Henry B. Cleaves | “ | 1893-97 |
| Llewellyn Powers | “ | 1897-1901 |
| John F. Hill | “ | 1901— |
Bibliography. Thoreau, The Maine Woods (Boston, 1881); Boardman, “The Climate, Soil, Physical Resources and Agricultural Capabilities of the State of Maine,” in United States Department of Agriculture Miscellaneous Special Report iv. (Washington, 1884); Drake, The Pine Tree Coast (Boston, 1891); Hubbard, Woods and Lakes of Maine (Boston, 1891); McDonald, The Government of Maine, Its History and Administration (New York, 1902); Little, “One Hundred Books on Maine,” in Bowdoin College Library Bulletin (Brunswick, 1891); Hall, “Reference List on Maine Local History,” in New York State Library Bulletin Bibliography, vol. ii. (Albany, 1891); Maine Historical Society Collections (Portland, 1831 et seq.); De Costa, The Northmen in Maine (Albany, 1870); Chamberlain, Maine, Her Place in History (Augusta, 1877); Varney, Brief History of Maine (Portland, 1888); Abbott and Elwell, History of Maine (Portland, 1893).
MAINE, Sir Henry James Sumner (1822-88). An English scholar and jurist. He was born August 15, 1822, and in 1840 he went to Pembroke College, Cambridge. After a brilliant career as student, he was made tutor in Trinity College in 1845, and in 1847 he was appointed regius professor of civil law in the university. He resigned in 1854 to become reader on jurisprudence in the Middle Temple. In 1862, after repeated invitations, he went to India as law member of the supreme Government. This office he filled with high distinction, his extensive knowledge of primitive peoples enabling him to introduce many important legislative reforms. He remained in India until 1869. On his return to England he was elected professor of jurisprudence at Oxford, and the next year he was made a member of the Council of the Secretary of State for India, receiving the dignity of knighthood. In 1877 he was elected master of Trinity Hall, Cambridge, and in 1878 he resigned his Oxford professorship. In 1887 he became professor of international law at Cambridge. His academic duties did not prevent him from residing in London, where he figured as a successful journalist and as a valued member of the Council for India. He published a number of works embodying his research on the origin and development of institutions, the condition of primitive society, and
