pcrseoution under Septiiiiius .Stvorus (203). The
small fragments ascribed to Pantii'nus are given
in Routh's Jtelu/uiw Hacrw (O.xford, 1846). Con-
Milt: Harnaek, deschivhte dcr allchristliclien Lit-
Irratur (Leipzig, 1893); Bigg, The Cliristidii Pla-
tonists uf Alexandria (London, 188ti): Cruttwell,
Ijterary History of Early Christianity (ib.,
1S93).
PANTAGRUEI;, Fr. pron. piiN'ta'gry'el'. The son of the giant Gargantua and the chief character in Rabelais's romance, (laryantua et raniayriiel. In the lifteenth eentury mysteries the name is given to a demon who throws salt into the mouths of slee])ing persons, and Rabe- lais made the character King of the Dipsodes (thirsty). Like his father, Pantagrncl is the hero of various burlesque adventures imitating the exploits of chivalry.
PANTA'LEON (?-a.d. 305). A Roman saint, pliysieian. and martyr, born, it is supposed, at Nicomedia in Bithynia. He studied medicine and became special physician to the Emperor (Jalerius. He was a Christian and was mar- tyred as such. He is the patron saint of physi- cians, and his feast is kept on -luly 27.
PANTALEON. A large dulcimer, named by Louis XIV. iu honor of its inventor, Pantaleon Hebcnstreit. It was four times the size of the dulcimer, and had two soundboards, on one side strung with strings of wire and brass, and on the other side with gut strings. It was played with small wooden mallets, with which the strings were struck. The pantaleon was the direct precursor of the pianoforte (q.v.).
PANTELLARIA, pun'tella-re'a. or PANTELLERIA. A small island in the Mediter- ranean Sea between Sicily and Africa, and be- longing to Italy. It is of volcanic origin, and has an extinct crater 2743 feet high, and several hot springs. The soil is fertile. i)roducing grapes, cotton, and olives, and the harbor on the northwest coast has considerable shipping. Pop- ulation, in 1!)01, 8G19.
PANTENITJS, pan-ta'ne-us, Tiieodor Her- mann (1843 — ). A German novelist. He was born at Mitau. Courland, studied theology in Berlin and Erlangen. and for six years taught at Riga, where he edited the Battische Monats- schrift (1870-70). He lived at Leipzig, was editor of the weekly Daheim (1876, sqq.) and the Monatshefte (1886 sqq.): and in 1891 followed his papers to Berlin. Pantenius wrote, under the i)seudonym of Theodor Hermann, some ex- cellent sketches and novels, portraying life in Litliuania and Courland; such as Wilhclm Wolfs- cliild (2d ed., 1873), AUein und frci (1875), Das rule (lold (1881), and Kurliiitdische Ocschichten (1892). A complete edition of his works ap- peared in nine volumes (1899).
PANTHEISM ( from Gk. vas, pas, all + «e6s, Ihros, god). The name given usually by its op- ponents, and with a touch of odium thcologicum, to any system of speculation which identifies the universe with God (acosmism) or God with the universe. The latter kind of pantheism is further subjected to the accusation of atheism (q.v.); the former has often been the expression of an intense religious consciousness ( as in Spinoza ) . The term pantheism was apparently coined by John Toland in the eighteenth century, but the antiquity of the view it designates is undoubt- edly great, for it is prevalent in one of the oldest known civilizations in the world — the Hindu. Vet it is a later development of tliouglit than poly- theism (q.v.). Hindu pantheism, as acosmism, is taught especially by the Upanisliads (q.v.) and by the Vedanta (q.v.). The Hindu thinker re- gards man as born into a world of illusions and entanglements, from which his great aim should be to deliver himself. Neither sense nor reason, however, is capable of helping him; only thnmgh long-continued, rigorous, and holy coiiteiiiiiliition of the supreme unity (Brahma) can he l)ecome emancipated from the deceptive iniluence of phe- nomena and fit to apprehend that he and they are alike but evanescent modes of existence as- sumed by that infinite, eternal, and unchangeable being who is all in all.
Greek pantheism finds a somewhat inarticulate expression in Xcnophanes ( q.v. ) , but comes to full utterance in the writings of the Stoics (q.v.). To the views of Neo-Platonists(see Neo-Platon- I.SM) a pantheistic tendency is often .attributed, but it is doubtful whether emanationism does not logically escape pantheism. During the Jliddle Ages .lohannes Scotus Erigena (see Erigena) was one of the few Christian pantheists. Among the Araliian phi- losophers pantheism was more current. Modern pantheism first shows itself in Gior- dano Bruno (q.v.). Spinoza (q.v.) comes ne.xt among modern pantheists in the order of time, and he is perhaps the greatest, certainly the most rigorous and precise, of the whole class that either the ancient or the modern W'orld has seen. See Plumtre, General Xl^etcli of the His- tory of Pantheism (London, 1881).
PAN'THEON (Lat., from Gk. Hdytoov, pan- thcion, temple to all the gods, ncu. sg. of Trac- teos, puntheios, relating to all the gods, from iros, pas, all + dtios, th^ios, divine, from 0cui. thcos, god). A temple to all the gods; hence in particular, the greatest of such temples at Rome. The fir.st Pantheon, erected in B.C. 27 by Valerius of Ostia for M. V. Agrippa, was a rectangular edifice behind the Baths of Agrippa. Injured or destroyed by lightning under Trajan, it was re- placed in A.D. 123 by the existing circular edifice erected by Hadrian, as is proved by the dis- coveries of Chidanne in 1892. The poi'<-h of six- teen superb colossal monolithic Corinthian col- umns appears to have been built with materials from Agrippa's porch and to have been altered from a decastyle to an oetastyle porch, perhaps by Septimius Severus, a.d. 202. The Pantheon was further remodeled by Caracalla; it is pos- sible that the interior paneling of the dome, which oilers many puzzling problems, dates from this time and was hewn in the originally smooth vault. The Pantheon is the most perfectly pre- served and the noblest work of Roman archi- tecture. It consists of a circular hall, 142^a feet in internal diameter, supporting a dome rising to a height of 142 feet, and pierced at the summit by an oculus or opening 27 feet in di- ameter — the only window in the edifice, Ijut won- derfullj' eff'ective in its effect of interior lighting. Seven niches for statues adorn the interior, which, however, has lost much of its original aspect since the 'restorations' of 1748-56. The Pantheon, often called in Rome 'La Rotonda.' has been since a.d. 608 a Christian church. In 663 it was despoiled of its statues and bronze adorn-
