PIUS. 76 if, Iiut littlp cniiip of it for tlie time. Undi'terred hy (liscouriifjpiiipnts. he pursued his purpose, and had planned to po in person against the Turks; but, seized with illness at Ancona. where the fleet was to assenilile. he died Au^^ust 14, U(!4. The literary reputation of .Kneas Sylvius lias partial- ly eclipsed the liistorical fanu' of the Pope. He was one of the most eminent scholars of his age, in many ways a type of the Renaissance learning. The most interesting portion of his works is the collection of his letters, which are full of details characteristic both of the writer and of his age. He left also some partly autobiographical commentaries (republished by Lesca. Rome, 18n4). Others of his works, the novel Lucretius el I'.uryalus and his ilialogues on the authority of general councils and in defense of the Council of Basel, he formally retracted. Consult his Life by (i. Voigt (Berlin', 18.5ll-(i3) : by Weiss (Gratz, 1><07) ; and an essay on him in Creighton, Eis- toricul Kssai/s and Ifciieas (London, 1!K)"2). Pits III., Pope 1503, Francesco Todeschini. He was a nephew of Pins 11., who made him Bishop of Siena and cardinal in 14(iO. He was emplove<l by svibsequent j)oi)es in various impor- tant missions, and succeeded .Mcxander VI.. but only lived a month after his election. — Pif.s IV., Pope 15,19-6.5, (Jiovanni Angelo Medici or Mede- ghino. He was born in 14!>!l. studied medicine and law, and devoted himself to the latter as a profession. Later he went to Rome and entered on an ecclesiastical career, being named arch- bishop (1545) and cardinal (154!t) by Paul III. Elected PojH' after a conclave lasting more than three montlis, he entered upon a heritage of many troublesome questions. The principal sigiiilicance of his pontificate lies in his reassembling of the Council of Trent, which Paul IV. had tliought to have practically completed its task. It was finally closed, after further sessions lasting over nearly two years, in December, 15ti3, and the bull confirming its decrees was issued .lanuary -itith following. The well-known creed called the Creed of Pius IV. or the Tridentine confession of faith was issued by Pius as an emliodiment of all the doctrines delincd in the council. (See Pus IV., Crek» of.) Pius exerted himself vigorously to carry out the reforming decrees of the council, though much of this work was reserved for the following pontificate. He died necember 9, 1505, in the arms of his nephew, Charles Borromeo (q.v. ), whom he had made a cardinal. — Pus V.. Saint, Pope 15()ti-72. Michele tihislieri. He was born in 1504 at Bosco. near Alessandria, en- tered the Dominican Order at fourteen, and after the completion of his stiulies was employed in various capacities, educational and administra- tive. Paul IV. made him Bishop of Sutri in 155G, cardinal in 1557. and grand inquisitor in 1558. His main task as Pope was to enforce the reforming decrees of the Council of Trent. Aus- tere and self-denying in his personal life, he ex- pected equal devotion on the part of others, and met opposition with unflinching firnmess. He republished the bull In crrnn Damini (q.v.) in a more rigorous form, and exconinuinicated and at- tempted to depose Elizabeth of England for her refusal to submit. The resources of the Papacy were employed to assist the Catholic cause against the Huguenots in France and to protect Christendom from the Turks. With Spain and Venice. Pius organized the Holy League against the Turks, who were signally defeated in the PIUS. naval battle of Lepanto. He completed the Ro- uian catechism, and published thoroughly rcviscil editions of the missal and breviary. He was canonized by Clement XII. in 1712. Consult Fal- loux, Hisloire de saint Pie V. (3d ed., Paris, 18.58). Pus VI., Pope 1775-99, Giovanni Angelo- Bras- chi. He was born of an impoverished but noble family in 1717, and early entered tlie ecclesiasti- cal service, being made a cardinal in 1773 by Clement XIV.. whom he succeeded two years later. lie maintained the position of the Church with uncompromising firmness against the Em- peror .loseph II. and his brother. Leo])old 1. of Tuscany (afterwards Emperor Leopold II.) ; but his greatest troubles came from the aggressions of the French Republic. In 1793 a popular tumult in Rome, which was caused by the im- prudence of a French political agent named De Bassevillc, and resulted in his death, gave the Directory .some years later an opportunity for hostile demonstrations. In 1796 Bonaparte took possession of the legations and afterwards of the March of Ancona. and by a threatened advance upon Rome extorted from Pius, in the Treaty of Tolentino (February, 1797), the surrender of these provinces, which were constituted part of the Cisalpine Republic. Finally the Directory ordered an advance upon Rome; Berthier entered the city February 10, 1798, where the Roman Republic was proclaimed, and ten days later the Pope, refusing to renounce his temporal sov- ereignty, was seized and carried ofT to Siena and later to the Certosa near Florence. On the threatened advance of the Austro-Russian army in the following year, he was transferred to Cirenoble, and finally to Valence on the Rhone, where, w<un out by age and the rigor of confine- ment, he died, August 29, 1799, after the longest pontificate until then recorded. Pius VII. , Pope 1800-23, Gregorio Luigi Bar- naba Chiaramonti. He was born at Cesena in 1742, and entered the Benedictine Order at the age of sixteen, and was employed in teaching philosophy and theology at Parma, and after- wards at Rome. He was appointed Bishop of Tivoli, and in 1785, being created cardinal, was transferred to the See of Imola. Upon his election to the Papacy in 1800, Rome was re- stored to the Papal authority, and in July of that year Pius VII. entered his capital ; and in the following year the French troops were willidrawn from the Papal territory, with the exception of the legations. From this time for- ward Pius, ably seconded by his Secretary of State, Cardinal Consalvi, was destined to occupy a prominent ])lace in the political as well as the ecclesiastical afTairs of Europe. Bonaparte had resolved to restore religion in France on the ancient basis of connection with Rome. With this view, he entered into negotiations with Pius VII. for the establishment of a concordat suiteil to the new order of things which had arisen. It was agreed to at Paris. .July 15. 1801 ; ratified in Rome, August I4th: and published in Notre Dame on Easter Sunday. 1S02. But, simul- taneously with the concordat, and as if forming part of the same arrangement, was published a code of what were called 'organic laws,' seriously affecting the discipline of the Church with regard to marriage, the clergy, and public worship, which had never been submitted to Pius, and to which he not only had not consented, but to
