POYNTER. 336 POZZO DI BOBGO. Sheba" (1891); "Idle Fears" (1894); and the "Ionian Dance" (1809). «'« "'-^f ^^P'^^^V ^f Visit to .^Csculapius," is considered m point °f technique one of the best products of Engl sh Classicism. He published Ten Lectures on A, t (1879). POYN'TING, John Hexby (1852— ). An Eu-lish scientist, born at Monton, Lancashire. He^'wa educated at Owens College, ]Manchester, and TrinitT College. Cambridge, was demonstra- tor under Prof. Balfour Stewart in the pl>ysical laboratory of the former in 187G-79, in 18-8 be- came a fellow of Trinity College. Cambridge, and in 1880 was appointed professor of physics at ilason College. Birmingham (now the University of Birmingham). His writings include contribu- tions to the Philosophical Transactions and tlie Proceedings of the Royal Society on the transfer of energy in the electro-magnetic field, the mean density of the earth, the connection between the electric current and the electric and magnetic in- duction in the surrounding field, and other topics. His Adams prize essay (Cambridge, ISnl) on The Mean Density of the Earth was published in 1891. He also collaborated with J. J. Thomson (q.v.) on A Text-Book of Physics, POYSER, poi'zer, Mrs. A prominent charac- ter in George Eliot's Adam Bede, a farmer's wife, whose shrewd and humorous sayings are inimi- table. POZHARSKI, p6-zhar'sk^, Dmitbi Mikhah.- o«TCii Prince (1578-1642). A Russian patriot, liberator of iloscow from the Polish domination (lGlO-12). He fought against the Polish in- vaders, who had helped ' to place a pseudo- Demetrius upon the Russian throne, and for his successes was appointed Voivode, or administrative official, of Zaraisk. In 1611 he marched upon Moscow against stubborn resistance, but was severely wounded and com- pelled to retreat. Subsequently he assumed com- mand of the volunteer forces assembled by IMinin, a butcher of Nizhni Novgorod. With these he suc- ceeded in expelling the Poles from Moscow, which they had held for two and a half years. He also conducted further campaigns, was appointed boyar in 1613, and was sent to Sweden on a dip- lomatic mission. Consult the biography by Malinovski (Moscow, 1817). PbZL, pets'l, Joseph von (1814-81). A Ba- varian jurist, born at Pechtneisreuth. He stud- ied at 'the University of Munich, and became professor of law at Wiirzburg in 1845. Two years afterwards, on the appearance of his Kompen- dium des hayrischen litaatsverfassungsrechts (1847), which was in direct opposition to the practices of the Ministry, he was called to the chair of constitutional law at Munich. A member of the Frankfort Parliament of 1848. in 1858 he entered the Bavarian lower chamber, of which he became first president in 1865. His works on Bavarian law are many and valuable: especially important are the Lehrhiich des bayrischen Verfassungsrechts (1851, and often reprinted) ; Sammlung der hayrischen Ver- fassungsgesetze (1852 et seq.) ; and Die Gesetzge- hutig des Konigsreichs Bayern seit Maximilian II. (1852 et seq. with Dollmann) in Paris, and in 1883 became head of the Hopital de Lourcine (afterwards called Broca). Devoting himself to gj-necology and the reform of its methods, Pozzl was fre- quently commissioned by the Ministry of Edu- cation' to study foreign medical schools in Ger- many. England, Austria. Italy, and the United States. He founded the French 'surgical con- gress,' was president of the Surgical Society of Paris' and in 1898 entirely remodeled the HOpital Broca, making it one of "the best equipped hos- pitals in the world. He wrote on anthropology and comparative anatomy, was chosen president of the French Anthropological Society, and pub- lished some valuable works on his medical spe- cialty including a Traite de gynecologic clini<iue et opcratoire (1890: 3d ed. 1897; trans, into Ger- man English. Spanish. Italian, and Russian). In 1898 Pozzi was elected Senator from Dordogne. POZZI, pd'tse'. SAMt-EL Jean (1846—). A French anthropologist and surgeon, born at Bercerac. He studied medicine under Broca POZZO M BORGO, p6t's6 d* bor'gu, Carlo Andrea, Count (1764-1842). A diplomat in the Russian service. He was born at Alata Corsica, March 8, 1764, and studied law at the University of Pisa. He practised as an advocate inCorsica.and won a high reputation for ac'uteness and eloquence. He was on terms of somewhat intimate friend- ship with the Bonapartes until bis association with Paoli (q.v.) estranged them, and this estrange- ment became a positive antagonism. Pozzo repre- sented Corsica in the French National Assembly (1791-92) and was one of the moderates. He returned to Corsica,. where he again attached him- self to Paoli's party; and on the failure of that chief's plans, retire'd to London. Here he became the a^ent of the French emigres: and in 1,98 he went to Vienna to promote an alliance of Aus- tria and Russia against France, and accompanied the Russian army in the subsequent campaign of 1719 In 1803 he entered the Russian seriice as a councilor of State, from this time devoting his whole attention to diplomacy. He was large- ly concerned in the Russo-Austrian alliance, which was dissolved by the battle of Austerlitz (1805) : but after the" Treaty of Tilsit, fearing lest Napoleon might insist upon his surrender, he retired to Austria, from which Napoleon in 1809 demanded his extradition. The Ejnperor Francis refused; but Pozzo retired to England (1810) where he stayed for some time, and then returned to Russia." He was instrumental in bringing about the rupture between Alexander 1. and Napoleon, and this was followed by the cam- pai<Ti of 1812. He also brought about the defec- tion of ilurat and Bernadotte from the Napo eomc cause : and after the victorious Allies had driven Napoleon across the Rhine. Pozzo. at the con.sn'ess of Frankfort-on-the-Main. drew up the declara- tion '-that the Allies made war not on France, but on Napoleon." From this time his whole energies were devoted to the task of keeping Alexander inflexible with regard to Napoleons .seductive offers of accommodation: but after his old antagonist's downfall he exertea himself with equal vigor at Pans (where he sic-ned the Treaty of 1815 as Rus- sian Ambassador) and at the Congress of Aix-la- Chapelle (1818) to ameliorate, as much as pos- sible, the hard conditions imposed upon France. His presence in Paris as Russian Ambassador was exceedingly unpopular after 1830. and in 18^* he accepted the post of R"«^|i»", .4 ™.'"'^^^„^'" 'a London. He retired from public life in 1839, ana
