PRACTICE. 338 PRADO. power of judgment at large. It does not imply, as special practice does, a peculiar I'acilitj' for ■work of a special kind. General practice will assist a man in a general way for work upon the time sense; but special practice must be acquired in the course of that work itself. In the same way, general practice in piano-ijlaying does not assist one, iu more than a general way, toward facility in rendering new compositions at sight; this facility must be gained by special practice ■^vith such compositions. Hence "general practice increases in direct proportion to special, but the reverse is not necessarily true." The characteristics which we have assigned to the practiced consciousness — maximal degree and constant direction of attention, delicacy of per- ception, extent and accuracy of memory, confi- dence of judgment — are evidently of a functional nature: they tell us nothing of the contents or structure of consciousness. Practice introduces no new contents. It has, however, the efl'ect of narrowing consciousness. The practiced observer is able, by the very fact of practice, to hold him- self exclusively to the practiced subject-matter, and to ignore distracting influences. In this re- spect the structure of the practiced consciousness difl'ers considerably from that of the unpracticed, whose attention is discursive and whose contents are more numerous and disconnected. Bibliography. Wundt, I'hi/siolo<iische Psi/cho- logie (Leipzig, 1893); Kiilpe. Outlines of Psy- chologij, trans. (London, 1895); Titcliener, Ex- perimental Psychology (New York, 1901). PRACTICE. In its strict legal sense, the manner or order of conducting civil or criminal actions, with reference to the successive steps necessary to be taken in order to bring the proper parties before the court, and to bring the action or proceeding to a final determination. It is less comprehensive than the term 'procedure.' which includes the greater part of the adjective law, that is. the law relating to remedies, as opposed to substantive law, whieli defines rights. For a more general treatment of the subject, consult : Aldrich. Equity Pleadiiig and Practice (2d ed., Boston. 1902) :^Daniell, Pleading and Practice of the High Court of Chancery (6th Am. ed., Bos- ton, 1894) ; Stringer, A. B. C. Guide to the Practice of the Supreme Court (London, 1903) ; Tidd. Practice of the Court of King's Bench (4th American ed., Philadelphia, ISoii). See Pro- CEIHRE ; PlEADIXG. PRADIER, pra'dya', Jame.s (1792-1852). A French sculptor. He was born in Geneva, ilay 23, 1792, of a family of French Protestant refugees. His talent was discovered by Baron Denon, and the boy educated in Paris under the sculptors Gerard and Lemot. He won the Grand Prix de Rome in sculpture in 1813. Pradier became a prolific sculptor. He made his debut in the Salon of 1819 with a statue of a "Centaur and Bacchante," now in the museum at Rouen. Similar works are the "Toilette d'Atalante" (Louvre), the "Odalisque" (Museum of Lvons), the "Poetry" (1846), the "Tliree Graces" '( Chfi- teau of Versailles), and "Sappho" (Louvre). His most important works, however, are the decora- tive figures of the Fontaine Moli6re. the figures in the spandrels of the Arc de Triomphe. the twelve Victories which surround the tomb of Xapoleon at the Invalides. and the statues of the cities of Lille and Strassburg in the Place de la Concorde, all in Paris. He also made the figures of the Fontaine Louvois; statues of Saints An- drew and Augustin, in the Church of Saint Roch ; the statue of Saint Peter in Saint Sulpice; a group of the "Marriage of the Virgin," in the iladeleine; and statues of Cuvier, Baron Gerard, Jean Jacques Rousseau, and Marshal Soult. Pradier"s quiet, elegant, and formal manner had man}' imitators, and created what may be called the style Louis-Philippe; but his influence disai)peared under the Romanticism of the follow- ing period. He was made a member of the Institut and professor at the Ecole des Beaux- Arts in 1827. He died at Bougival, June 14, 1852. For his biography, consult Ete.x (Paris, 1859). PRADIER-FODERE, fo'da'ra', Paul Louis Erxe.st (1827—). A French jurist and educator. He was born and educated at Strassburg, and was admitted to the bar in Paris, where subse- quently he occupied the chair of public law in the Armenian College. In 1874 he went to Lima on the invitation of the Peruvian Government to reorganize the legal depart- ment. Returning after the war with Chile, he became judge in the Court of Appeals at Lyons (1882). Among his works are: Precis de droit administratif (1853; 7th ed. 1876); Principes gencraux de droit, de politique et de legislation (1869) ; La question de I'Alabama et le droit des gens (1872): Cours de droit diplomatique (1881) ; and Traitc de droit international public europeen et atnericain (1885-94). PRADILLA, pr.a-D5'lya, Fraxci.sco (1847—). A Spanish historical and genre painter, born at Villanueva de Gallego, Province of Saragossa. He studied art under distressing privations, first at Saragossa, then under Serri in Madrid, until a successful competition secured him a place as pensionary in the Spanish Academy in Rome, of which afterwards he was director (1881-83). The second of his more important works, "Joanna the ilad Following Her Husljand's Coffin" ( 1878, Madrid iluseum), of which he subsequently painted several replicas on a smaller scale, was awarded the medal of honor at the Paris E.xposi- tion of 1878, and with "The Surrender of Granada, 1492" (1882, Senate Chamber, Madrid), he created a sensation in Rome and won a gold medal at JIunich in 1883. His genre scenes from popular life frequently of miniature dimensions and distinguished for subtle characterization, equal his large composition in point of sterling technique. The best of them include "Market Day Xear Vigo^' (1892) ; "Washerwomen at the Brook" (Breslau Museum); and "Pilgrims to the Madonna at Genazzaro" (1895). He was the foremost colorist among the Spanish painters of his day, won gold medals also in Vienna and Berlin, and was appointed director of the Madrid Museum in 1896. PRADO, prii'Do. Mariano Ign.cio (1826—). A Peruvian soldier and ]X)litician, born at Hutlnaeo. In 1854 he took a prominent part in the revolution that overthre-vv General Eclienique, and again in 1865 was a leader in the movement against President Pezet, whose temporizing atti- tude toward Spain he strongly oppo.sed. He forced Pezet to resign, and was himself elected President. An ofl"ensive and defensive alliance with Chile was formed by him. and. having de- clared war against Spain, he repulsed the Span- ish fieet from Callao (May 2, 1866). His posi-
