PIPE. 49 PIPE LINES. Pa., 1897 to 1900). For a few of the many uses of pipes, see Heating and Ventil.vtiox : Irrigation; Sewerage; Water Supply; and Water-Wobks. PIPE-CLAY. A term applied to almost any fint' flay ( ij.v. ) comparatively free from iron and other impurities, having a prayish-whitc color, a greasy feel, and high plasticity. Some pipeclays are used for the manufacture of tobacco-pipes and white pottery; others are em- ployed for making sewer-pipe. Pipe-clays are eonunon in the United States, and occur in many geological formations, notably the Crc- taccou-. Tertiary, and Carboniferous. See ClaV. PIPEFISH. A name given principally to species of the family Sragnathidse, but also ap- plied to various other species which, like the above, have a long, tubular snout. The body is long, slender, and covered with bony plates firmly connected, so as to form a sort of cara- pace. The tail is often long and slender, and sometimes is used as a prehensile organ. The fins are minute, the pectorals sometimes and the ventrals always wanting. Their food consists of small ijiarine animals and the eggs of fishes; and they may be seen slowly moving about, with curious contortions, poking the long snout into A PIPEFISH STAKDI.VG DPBIOHT IN BEL-OBABS. every crevice in search of food, and sometimes assiiming a vertical position with the head down- ward, poking into or stirring the sand. They abound along shore among the eel-grass, and when standing on their heads in the midst of it ])erfectly simulate one of the gently moving blades, and are thereby protected from observa- tion. Like the sea-horse (q.v.), to which pipe- fishes are nearly related, the males have brood- pouches on tlic ventral side of the body, usually situated on the under side of the tail, but some- times farther anterior, formed by two folds of the skin meeting and coalescing in the median line. The young are carried in this pouch until some time after they have escaped from the egg, going out and returning when alarmed, but at last are turned loose by the pouch bursting. There are about 1.5 genera and 150 species, small and sluggish, inhabiting the warmer seas, some- times entering fresh waters. The common pipe- fish of the .tlantic coast is Hiphostoma fuscum. Consult: Gunther, Introduction to the study of Fishes (I.onilon. 1880) ; Goode, American Fishes (New York, ISSS). PIPE LINES, Oil axd Gas. Wrought iron pipes jointed to form conduits of great length, used to transport petroleum oil or natural gas from the wells or fields to the point of utiliza- tion, or, in the case of oil, to the refinery or mar- ket. In the trunk lines the oil is pumped, often surmounting great elevations and requiring heaiy pressures. Gas is often pumped, the frequency and intensity of pumping pressure increasing to a marked extent with the diminution of the pressure from the wells. Oil Pipe Line.s originated in the Pennsylvania fields. They were first suggested by Gen. S. D. Karns, in Xovember, 1860. His idea was to lay a line from Burning Springs to Parkersburg. and let the oil gravitate to the Ohio River, where it could be loaded and shii)ped. The distance was about 36 miles. The line was never laid. In 1802 J. L. Hutchinson, of Xew York, laid a siphon over a hill from the Tarr Farm to a re- finery at Phmier, Pa. In 1863 he laid a second line, three miles in length, through which he pumped oil from the Sherman well to a refinery. He placed 10-inch air chambers 50 to 100 feet apart. The joint leakage was so great that both these lines were abandoned. The first successful line was laid in 1865 by Samuel von SycUe, of Titusville. Pa. Other lines followed and numerous companies were or- ganized and consolidations efl'ected. The new mode of transportation met with violent and riotous opposition from teamsters and others interested in hauling oil in wagons. In 1875 a 4-inch line, about 60 miles long, was laid from the lower oil country to Pittsburg. Up to this time most of the refineries had been located near the wells, but it being found more advantageous to locate the refineries on the seaboard and the Great Lakes, pipe lines were rapidly laid to the chief cities so situated in the northeastern ])art of the United States. The second pipe line of great length was laid from Bear Creek to Cleve- land. Ohio. It was 111 miles long. 6 inches in diameter at the outset, and 5 inches in diameter after passing the final pumping station. By 1892 the National Transit Company, alone, had secured control of or built the following great trunk lines: Bear Creek to Pittsburg. 55 miles; Olean to Buffalo. 56 miles; Bear Creek to Cleve- land, 111 miles; Colegrove to Philadelphia, 235 miles; ilillway to Baltimore. 66 miles: Olean to Xew York, over 300 miles. Later, it added a
