KAWLE. 726 RAWLINSON. of Philadelphia from 1865 to 1873, and from 18S0 until liis death, was vice-chancellor of the Law Association of Philadelphia. In 1852 he pub- lished the first edition of his Practical Treatise on the Laic of Covenants, which is still an au- thoritative work. Besides various important works, which he edited, he wrote Equity in Penn- sylvania (18G8); Some Contrasts in the Growth of Pcnnsyltania and Enylish Law (1881). BAWLINS. A city and the county-seat of Carbon County, ^Yyo., 136 miles west by north of Laramie; on the Union Pacific Railroad I Jlap: Wyoming, F 5). It is the seat of the State Peni- tentiary. Rawlins has considerable commercial importance as the shipping centre for extensive sheep-raising and mining interests. The L'nion Pacilic Railroad maintains repair shops here. Population, in 1890, 2235; in 1900, 2317. RAWLINS, .John Aaron (1831-69). An American general and Secretary of War, born in East Galena, 111. At Galena he studied law in the otlice of Isaac P. Stevens, with whom in 1854 he entered into partnership. On April 16, 1861, shortly after the fall of Fort Sumter, he made a powerful war speech at a meeting which was presided over by Ulysses S. Grant. Shortly afterwards he be- came a major in an Illinois legiment, but at the request of Grant, who was now a brigadier- general and who had been favorably impressed by Rawlins, he resigned that post in order to become Grant's assistant adjutant-general. From that time until the close of the war he was Grant's close friend and adviser. He became chief of stall' in November, 1862, and was honored with numerous promotions, ending with that of brevet major-general, March 13, 1865. Although he had had no previous military training, Raw- lins showed keen insight into military problems. General Sherman said of Rawlins that he was "an intense thinker, and a man of Vehement ex- l)ression ; a soldier by force of circumstances rather than of education or practice, yet of in- finite use to his chief throughout the war and up to the time of his death." When GJrant be- came President he made Rawlins his Secretary of War. Rawlins, however, had contracted con- sumption as a result of exposure during the war, and he died at Washington, September 6, 1869. RAWLINSON, George (1812-1902). An English historian and Orientalist. He was born at Chadlington, Oxfordsliire, November 23, 1812. He was the brother of Sir Henry Creswicke Rawlinson ( q.v. ) . He graduated at Trinity Col- lege, Oxford, in 1838, taking a first class in classics; was elected a fellow of Exeter College in 1840, tutor in 1842, gained the Denyer Theo- logical prize in 1842 and 1843, and subsequently received various high university appointments, including the Camden professorship of ancient history in 1862. From 1872 he was canon of Can- terbury Cathedral, and was rector of All Hallows' Church. London, from 1888 until his death. His Bampton lectures in 1859 were published in the following year under the title of Historic Evidence for the Truth of Christian Records. His other works include a translation of Herodotus (1858- 60) with notes and appendices, in which many of his brother's discoveries are incorporated: The Five Great Monarchies of the Ancient World — Chaldeea. Assyria, Babylonia, Media, and Per- sia (1862) ; Manual of Ancient History (1869) ; Historical Illustrations of the Old Testament (1870); the Hixth Oriental Monarchy — Parthia (1873); the Seventh Oriental Monarchy — the Nassanians (1875); The Origin of Nations (1877) ; A History of Ancient Egypt (1881) ; A History of Phoenicia (1889); The Story of Parthia (1893); and A Memoir of Major-Qen- eral Sir H. C. Rawlinson, Bt. (1898). RAWLINSON, Sir Henry Creswicke (1810- 95). An English soldier, diplomat, and Assyri- ologist. He was born at Chadlington, Oxford- shire, and after education at Wrington and Ealing, entered the military service of the East India Company in 1827, benefiting on the long Cape voyage to India by the company and counsels of the diplomat and Orientalist Sir John Malcolm. His facility in learning Hindu- stani and Persian made him interpreter at eigh- teeu, and a year later he became paymaster of his regiment. In 1833, with other English offi- cers, he was appointed to assist in the reorgani- zation of the Persian Army.' While stationed at Kermanshah in 1835. he began to study the Old Persian cuneiform inscriptions. The results of his research were submitted to the Royal Asiatic Society of London in 1837: in the same year his account of his travels through Susiana was printed in the Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, and the following year an account of a journey through Persian Kurdistan appeared. During the course of the Afghan troubles he left Persia to take up an appointment as political agent at Kandahar in 1840, and served through- out the campaign with distinction. He was ap- jKjinted political agent in Turkish Arabia in 1843, consul at Bagdad in 1844, and in 1851 was pro- moted Consul-CJeneral. His official positions facil- itated his archieological researches, and in 1846 his successful decipherment of the Persian cunei- form inscriptions, especially that of Darius Hystaspis at Behistun, marked an epoch in the knowledge of Persia's history and ancient lan- guages, and also prepared the way for the de- cipherment of the other cuneiform alphabets. Later successful work was accomplished in ex- cavations in Babylonia for the trustees of the British JIuseum. He returned to England in 1855. In 1858 he was elected member of Par- liament for Reigate, but the same year resigned on being appointed member of the Council of India. In 1859 he went to Teheran as Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipoten- tiary" to the Court of Persia. From 1865 to 1868 he again sat in Parliament as member for Frome. In 1871 he was elected president of the Royal Cieographieal Society. In 1875 his England and Russia in- the East, created a considerable stir, owing to its revelations of the interior workings of Asiatic politics. Rawlinson received tve honor of knighthood in 1891, and was a member of the Council of India until his death. His Per- sian Cuneiform Inscrii)tions at Behistun (1846- 49), contained in the Journal of the Royal Asi- atic Society, created an epoch in philology, and his Cuneiform Inscriptions of JVestern Asia, in collaboration with Pinches (5 vols.. 1861-91), is almost equally important. He contributed largely to Farrier's Caravan Journeys (1850). and many of his discoveries are incorporated in Herodotus (1858) by his brother. Canon George RaAVlinson (q.v.). Consult G. Rawlinson. Memoir ofMajor- General Sir Henry Cresicicke Rawlinson (London, 1898).
