RAYMOND. 729 EAYNOUARD. coin's death lie took the position that the Southern States had never actually been out of the Union and gave his partial support to Johnson's plan of reconstruction. In 180G he left the Republican Party, was one of the pro- moters of the National Union (Loyalists') con- vention at Philadelphia, and wrote the Address and Declaration of Principles adopted by it. Ray- mond was the author of A Life of Daniel Wei- ster (1853) ; Political Lessons: of the Revolu- tion (1854); Letters to Mr. Yancey (1860); and A History of the Administrntion of President Lincoln (1864), enlai'ged and republished in 1865 as The Life and Public Seri:iees of Abra- ham Lincoln. (Consult Maverick, Henry .J. Ray- mond and the New York Press for Thirty Years (Hartford, 1870). RAYMOND, .JoH^- Howard (1814-78). An American educator, born in Xew York City. He graduated at Union College in lS.'i2; studied law at Xew Haven, and in 1834 entered the theological seminary (now Colgate University) at Hamil- ton, N. Y. In 1839 he became professor of rhetoric and belles-lettres at Sladison Univer- sity, and in 1850 professor of belles-lettres at Rochester University. He organized the Brook- lyn Collegiate and Polytechnic Institute in 1856, and from 1865 until his death was president of Vassar College and professor of mental and moral philosophy there. Consult The Life and Letters of .John H. Raymond (New York, 1880). RAYMOND, .John T. (1836-87). An Ameri- can comedian, whose real name was O'Brien. He was born in Buffalo, X. Y. In 1858 he made his early success with Sothern in Our American Cousin, in which he afterwards appeared in London and in Paris. His greatest popular 'hit,' however, was as Colonel JIulberry Sellers in a dramatization of Mark Twain's Gilded Age { 1873) , a character that became completely iden- tified with his own breezy optimism. Consult: McKav and Wingate, Famous Americayi Actors of To-Day (X'ew' York, 1896); Matthews and Hutton, Actors and Actresses of Great Britain and the United States (New York, 1886). RAYMOND,. RossiTEB Worthixgtox (1840 — ) . An American mining engineer and metal- lurgist, born in Cincinnati, Ohio. He graduated at the Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute in 1858, and after spending three years in study at Heidelberg, Munich, and Freiberg, he entered the Federal Army as additional aide-de-camp with the rank of captain. In 1864 he began practice in Xew Y^ork as a consulting engineer, but in 1868 became United States Commissioner of Min- ing Statistics, a position which he held until 1876. After 1867 he was connected with mining journals, and from 1870 until 1882 he was lec- turer in Lafayette College on economic geology. He published annual reports of mining statistics, 1869-76; Peter Cooper (1901) ; and several other works. RAYMOND OF PENAFORTE, pa'nya-for'ta (c.1180-1275). A Spanish theologian, born at the Castle of Peflaforte. in Catalonia, and edu- cated at Barcelona and Bologna. On his return to Spain he became canon of Barcelona (1219), then archdeacon, and in 1222 a member of the Dominican Order, of which he was made General in 1238. In 1230 he was appointed by Gregory IX. to codify the canon law. His Decretalia form the fifth volume of the present canon law. and his Siimma dc Paonitentia (printed in 1603) make a compendium of ecclesiastical jurispru- dence. Raymond became Archbishop of Tarra- gona in 1235. and was prominent in the work of the Inquisition in France and Spain, and in preaching crusades against the Moors. He was canonized in 1601, and January 23d was made his dav. Consult Danzas, Raymond de Pennafort (Poitiers, 1885). RAYMOND OF SABXTNDE, sa-Boon'da ( .-i'i~ ) . A Spanish theologian. He was born in Barcelona, taught theologj', ])hilosophy, and medi- cine at Toulouse (1430-32), and died as rector of the university there. His fame rests upon his nat- ural theology, which he wrote in Spanish, but which appeared in a Latin translation after his death, and has been widely circulated (latest edition, Sulzbaeh, 1852). Montaigne translated it into French (Paris, 1569; latest edition, 1605). This famous book employs the expres- sion now so familiar that there are two books by which the truth can be known: the book of Xature and the book of Revelation. The essen- tial contents of these two books are the same. The difference is that in the latter truth is given dogmatically in the shape of precept, whereas in the former truth is arrived at hy means of investigation and ratiocination. He even endeavors to demonstrate that the book of Nature contains evidence of the divine mysteries of Christianity. His assertion in his prologue that although reason unaided by revelation could not discover these mysteries, yet, given these mysteries, reason was competent to explain them, caused this prologue to be put upon the index by the Council of Trent, and so it is not given in the edition of 1852. He was a mystic of the school of Raymond Lully. Consult: Matzke, Die natiirliche Theolot/ie des Raymundus von Habunde (Breslau. 1846) ; Huttler, Die Religions- philosophie des Raymiindu^ von Sabunde (Augs- burg, 1851 ) ; Kleiber, De Raymondi Vita et Script is (Berlin, 1856). RAYNAL, ra'nal', Guillaume TnoMAS FKAN901S (1713-96). A French author. He was born at Saint-Geniez, and was educated for the priesthood with the Jesuits of Pezenas. In 1747 he went to Paris, and was attached to the Church of Saint Sulpice. His peculiarities soon led him out of the Church, and he became one of the editors of the Jlercure de France, where his philosophic mind found associates and scope, and his taste for history made him an historian. His works, though not now of high value, were con- spicuous in their time, when philosophy and literary independence were novelties. Among them was Histoire philosophique et politique des ^tablissements et du commerce des Europeens dans les deux Indes (1770), which contained writings of Diderot as well as Raynal, and fell under the condemnation of the Parliament in 1781. His Revolution d'Amcriquc appeared in an English translation in London (1781), and was severely criticised by Thomas Paine. RAYNOtTARD, ra'noo'ar', F^AXgois Juste Maeie (1761-1836). A French philologist and poet, bom at Brignoles, September 18. 1761. He studied at Aix. became advocate, entered politics as a Girondin Deputy (1791). was imprisoned during the Terror, achieved reputa- tion as a dramatist and poet : was elected to the Academy (1807), and became its perpetual secre-
