TECHNICAL EDUCATION. 83 TECUMSEH. fined, the amount of practical instruction varied considerably, and in many cases was far too small to serve as a substitute for apprenticeship. In IS'J'2 the failure of these provincial schools to fulfill their intended function led to a new law, which provided that all the ccolcs primaires pro- fessionellcs, in which practical work formed an important part, should be made into a new class of schools called ccoles pratiques dc commerce ou d'indusirie, to be placed under the sole control of the Ministry of Couuuerce and Industry. The organization of such schools, in which the amount of practical instruction is increased to thirty or thirty-three hours a week, represents a delib- erate attempt to establish a comprehensive sys- tem of primary trade schools under State control. In Switzerland the State and municipalities support numerous trade schools, mainly for watclimaking.in which the training, both practical and theoretical, is of a very thorough character. Another feature connected with trade training in Switzerland, and one that has to some ex- tent been copied in Germanj', is a system of apprentice examinations supervised and sup- ported by the State. These examinations in many cantons are made obligatory upon every appren- tice, and consist of an examination held at the end of the term of apprenticeship upon the prac- tice and theory of his trade. The trade school can hardly be said to have gained a foothold in Great Britain, where the sentiment almost universally prevails that the shop is the only proper place for learning a trade. In the United States a distinctive type of trade school was developed in the foundation of the New York Trade Schools in 1881. Both day and evening classes are conducted in this institu tion. The evening clas.ses, although admitting beginners, are largely made np of young men already started at their trades. In the day classes young men are admitted only at an age — from seventeen to twenty-five — when they will be able to learn rapidly, and so acquire sufficient skill in short courses of four months to enter at once upon practical work. The purpose is to give a thorough grounding in the practice and theory of a trade which may be perfected by later experience in regular work. The school instniction is confined entirely to practical work. Evening schools similar to those of the New York Trade Schools have been established by the Pratt Institute. Brooklvn, the Philadelphia Ma,s- ter Builders' Exchange, and the Massachusetts Charitable Jlechanics' Association of Boston. To these should be added the first instance of public support of such an institution in the Evening School of Trades at Springfield, Mass. Another ty|)e of trade school has made its ap- pearance in the United States in the Williamson Free Schools of Mechanical Trades (q.v.) near Pliiladelphia. Institutions similar in plan to some of the European trade schools, in which the aim is to combine the teaching of a trade with a general edication. are represented by the California School of Mechanical Arts and the Wilmording School of Industrial Arts of San Francisco. In addition to the regular institutions, noted above, several instances exist in Europe and the United States of factory or employees' schools. These schools are almost uniformly conducted in the evening, and in the main provide instruction of a nature related to the practical work of the employees, such as drawing and mathematics. Examples of such schools in the United States are those conducted by R. Hoe & Co.. printing press manufacturers, of New York City, and the Cleveland Twist Drill Co. The Ludlow Manu facturing Co., of Ludlow, Mass., which employs large numbers of women and girls, supports an evening school giving instruction in cooking, sew- ing, and phj'sical culture. Somewhat similar classes are carried, on by the National Cash Regis- ter Co., of Daj'ton, Ohio. Employees' schools in which specialized technical instruction is given are conducted by several associations of em- ployees and also by individual manufacturing concerns in various parts of France. Quite dif- ferent from such schools are the schools for the children of employees, which are maintained by a number of large industrial corporations in Great Britain, France, and Germany. Notable among these are the schools of Lever Brothers, Port Sunlight, England; of the Krupp Works, Essen. Germany; and the Trade Scliool of the Northern Railway Co., Paris. BiHLiOGRAPHY. It is impossible to indicate even in the most limited way a satisfactory bib- liography of technical education. Some of the more important data are contained in the fol- lowing: Reports of the V. <S'. Commissioner of Education, 1805-96, vols. i. and ii.: 1890-97. vol. i.; 1897-98, vol. i.; 1898-99. vol. i. ; 1899-1900, vol. i.; ^Seventeenth Annual Report of the V. »S. Commissioner of Labor; "Education in the In- dustrial and Fine Arts in the United States," V. S. Bureau of Education ; Report of the Royal Commission on Technical Education for (h-eat Britain; Proceedings of the International Con- gresses for Technical, Commercial, and Industrial Education ; Magnus, Industrial Education (London, 1888) ; Nfirdling. Veber das technische Sehiil- und Vereinsiresen Frankrcichs (Vienna, 1881 ) ; Mortimer d'Ocagne. Les yrandes eeoles de France (Paris, 1887) ; Schoenhof, Industrial Ed- ucation in France (Washington, I88S) : Holzap- fel, Die technischen iSchulen und Hochschulcn und die Bediirfnisse der deutschen Industrie (Leipzig, 1897) ; Rein, Encj/klopadisches Handbuch der Padagogik (Langensalza, 1902). TECUCITJ, ta-k<-)o'che. A town of Rumania, in Moldavia, 40 miles northwest of Galatz, on the right bank of the Berlad River (Map: Balkan Peninsula, F 2). It has an active trade. Popu- lation, in 1900, 13,405. TECinyrA palm. See AsTEOCAKYUM. TECUM'SEH (Flying Panther, Meteor), Te- CUMTHE, or Tecumtha (e.1775-1813) . A famous Indian chief, born near the site of the present tow-n of Springfield, Ohio. His father was a Shawnee warrior, and his mother a Creek or Cherokee squaw captured and adopted by the ShawTiees. Having by his unusual talents for leadership gained great influence among his peo- ple, Tecumseh, when about thirty-five years of age, formed a plan for a great confederacy of the Indians against the whites, which should have jurisdiction, among other tilings, over the aliena- tion of Indian lands. In this work he was as- sisted by his brother Elkswatawa or Tenskwatawa (q.v.), commonly known as 'The Prophet.' He was also assisted by British agents, and found the Indians the more willing to adopt his schemes because of the general dissatisfaction over the continual encroachments of the whites upon the
