TEMPERATURE VARIETIES. 117 TEMPLE. districts be severed for a considerable period from the others and the results accredited to isolation (q.v.) would follow; but the species so formed might well be called 'temperature species' in reference to their origin. Geographical races may therefore be regarded as incipient species. That changes from heat to cold, wetness to dryness, or the reverse, in the climates of re- gions of the world in the course of its history since animal life appeared upon it, have been eilicient factors in species-making, may well be believed. See Evolution ; Melakism ; Isolation ; and consult authorities there mentioned. TEMPERING STEEL. A peculiar effect is produced upon steel by heating it to redness, and then suddenly cooling it. By this means, ex- treme hardness is obtained. Steel is so suscep- tible to this process, called tempering, that al- most any degree of hardness and brittleness can be obtained. If, for instance, we make a piece of steel red hot, and then plunge it into cold water, it becomes hard and brittle when cold, and is actually, though slightly, increased in bulk. But if we reheat the metal, and allow it to cool slowly, it again becomes soft and malle- able as before. Jloreover, if we again reheat it, but not to redness, and cool it suddenly, it is still further softened. If, before reheating, the sur- face has been polished, a beautiful shade of col- or is produced by the heat, which is varied ac- cording to the temperature employed; and so e.xactly is this the case, that the experienced manipulator is guided by the color produced, instead of by nice regulations of the heat ap- plied. For ordinary operations, the metal is cooled by plunging it in cold water; but oil, mer- cury, and saline solutions are used for special purposes. An exact series of experiments has proved that the following colors are produced at the temperatures given: very pale yellow- ish, by 430° P.; pale straw, 450°; yellow," 470°; brown, 490° ; mottled brown. 510° ; purple, 530° ; briglit blue, 550"; blue, 500°; dark blue, 600°. See Annealing; Iron and Steel. TEMPEST, The. A play by Shakespeare, first acted in 1610, though Fleay suggests that its present form was abridged perhaps by Beau- mont about 1613 for a Court performance, the wedding of the Princess Elizabeth. Sidney Lee also doubts that it was originally w-ritten for this occasion. It was first printed in the Folio of 1623. The sources are principally books of travel: Eden's History of the Travnile (1577), Raleigh's Discovery of Guiaiia (1596), and S. Jonrdan's Discovery of the Bermudas (1090), telling of Sir George Somers's fleet at Bermuda in 1609. TEMPESTA. See Mulieb. TEMPLARS, Knights. A religious and military order of the Middle Ages, the great rival of the Knights of Saint John of .Jerusalem. In 1119 Hugues de Parens and Geoffrey de Saint- Ad^mar (Saint-Omer) , with seven companions, formed a military band to protect pilgrims in Palestine. They adopted the rule of Saint Au- gustine, and took the name Knights of Christ. But ns quarters were assigned to them in the palace at Jerusalem, known as Solomon's Temple, they soon were called Knights of the Temple, or Knights Templars {milites templi) . In 1128 at the Council of Troyes a rule, inspired by Saint Bernard, and closely following the Cistercian, was given them. The order grew rapidly. At the end of the thirteenth century it bad about fifteen thousand members, and in the middle of the same century it is said to have owned nine thousand castles and manors. It was free from all taxes and was under the jurisdiction of the Pope alone. As the order had to make regular trans- fers of supplies and money from Europe to Pal- estine, they developed an effective banking sys- tem. Their strong and well-manned 'temples' were the safest places for depositing treasure and documents and for a time the Templars were the bankers of Europe. There were three ranks in the order, knights, chaplains, and servants. The knights, few in numlier, were the real Templars. They directed the affairs of the or- der, and they alone could wear the white mantle with its red cross. At the head of the order was the gi'and master. The capital of the order was at Jerusalem till 1187, and then successively at Antioch^ Acre, and C*sarca, and after the ex- tinction of the Christian power in Syria (1291), in Cyprus. The standard of the order, called Beauscant, was half black, half white, with the motto Non nobis Domine. The Templars' wealth, pride, and power brought them into con- flict with Church and State. With the decay of the crusading spirit their activity was more feared, and in the latter half of the thirteenth century opposition grew rapidly. They had made enemies in other military orders and among tlie monastic orders. Their adoption of Oriental customs and the secrecy of their rites impressed popular imagination. They were charged with many evil and sacrilegious practices. The direct attack on them came in France. Philip IV., un- der the influence of Guillaume de Xogaret, saw his chance to be rid of an insubordinate order, and to«increase his wealth. He got Pope Clement V. to aid him. On October 13, 1307, the grand master, Jacques de Molay (q.v.), with all the Templars, was arrested without warning. Their trial was in charge of the Inquisitor for France. Most of them under torture confessed to some or all of the charges against the order. Many of them afterwards retracted, including Molay. A large number were burned at the stake, Molay himself being spared for a number of years. In 1311 Clement called the General Council of Vienne, chiefly for the purpose of sup- pressing the order. When the council persisted in demanding that the question should be tried strictly as a judicial question without any re- gard for policy, Clement held a secret consistory, March 22. 1312, at which the suppression was decreed. On April 3d the bull 1'o.r in excelso was published declaring the reasons for the Papal condemnation. On May 2d the bull Ad providam, was issued decreeing the final abolition of the order. Its property went to the Hospitalers; but the seizures of Philip were confirmed to him. Jacques de Molay was burned in 1314. Consult: Curzon, La regie du temple (Paris, 1886) ; Gmelin. ftchuld oder Unschiild des Tern- pclordens (Stuttgart, 1893) ; 'Lea., History of the Inqiiisition, vol. iii. (New York, 1888). TEMPLE. A building consecrated to religious worship, especially among pagan peoples. The
