The clan was all but exterminated and never re- gained its importance.
TAIRA. A South American weasel-like car-
nivore. See Tayra.
TAI SHAN, ti' shiin'. The most easterly of
the Five Vo or great sacred mountains of China
whose worship goes back into the fabulous period
of Chinese history. It is a great massive com-
plex of rugged limestone ridges, buttressed on
the east and southeast by the mountains and hills
which cover most of the Shantung peninsula.
Its highest peak is 4111 feet above the level of
the sea. It is about 60 miles south-southeast of
Tsi-nan fu, the capital of Shan-tung (q.v.), and
is thickly dotted, especially on the south side,
with both Buddhist and taoist temples, mon-
asteries, and pavilions. It is annually visited by
tens of thousands of pilgrims from all parts of
the country.
TAIT, Archibald Campbell (1811-82). Arch-
bishop of Canterbury. He was born in Edin-
Ijurgh, and was brought up as a Presbyterian.
During his studies at the University of Glas-
gow, to which he went in 1827, he determined to
enter the ministrv of the Church of England, and
went up to Balliol College, Oxford, in 1830. He
took his degree there in 1833, was elected fellow
in 1834, and ordained in 1836. He steadfastly
refused to be carried away by the Oxford Move-
ment, and joined with three other tutors in a
famous protest against the principle involved in
Tract XC. In 1842 he succeeded Dr. Arnold
as head master of Rugby, which he left in 1850
for the deaner}' of Carlisle. In 1856 he became
Bishop of London, and, amid the difficulties of
times full of bitter controversy, won the re-
spect of all by his courage and impartiality.
The same may be said of his administration of
the still more difficult post of the primacy, on
which he entered at the beginning of 1869. He
took a tolerant position toward the ritualists
throughout the excitement which caused the pass-
ing of the Public Worship Regulation Act in
1874, and on all questions showed independence
and firmness. Consult his biography by David-
son (afterwards his successor) and Benham
(London, 1891).
TAIT, John Robinson (1834—). An Ameri-
can landscape painter and author, born in Cin-
cinnati, Ohio. He studied art in Florence, Diis-
seldorf, Munich, and the Tyrol, He wrote a Ger-
man comedy Ein aufrichtiges Heiratsyesuch,
and, in English, European Life, Legends, and
Landscape (1859). His paintings, several of
which were exhibited at Philadelphia in the Cen-
tennial Exhibition, include "Siebengebirge,"
"L'nder the Willows," "Tyrolean Cottage," and
"Landscape and Cattle."
TAIT, Peter Guthrie (1831-1901). A Scotch
physicist, born at Dalkeith, Scotland, and
educated at Edinburgh University and Peter-
house, Cambridge, where he was made a fel-
low in 18.52. He was appointed professor of
mathematics in Queen's College, Belfast, in 1854,
and was professor of natural philosophy in the
University of Edinburgh from 1860 to the time
of his death. He carried on many important in-
vestigations in mathematics and physics, par-
ticularly on the mathematical and theoretical
side of the latter science. His most famous work
in mathematics was on quaternions, while his
studies in thermodynamics and thermo-electricity
were of unusual value. His papers on the kinetic
theory of gases are among his many important
contributions to science, and his various works
cited below are marked by conciseness and lu-
cidity of statement. He was the author of:
Dijnamics of a Particle (1865); Elementary
Treatise on Nattiral Philosophy (1867), with
Lord Kelvin (then Sir William Thomson) ; Qua-
ternions (1867); Thermodynamics (1868); Re-
cent Advances ire Physical Science (1876) ; Ileat
(1884); Light (1884); Properties of Matter
(1885) ; Dynamics (1895) ; and other works, in-
cluding Scientific Papers (1898) and Newton's
Laas of Motion (1899). He also wrote in co-
operation with Professor Balfour Stewart Th(,
Unseen Universe.
TAITTIRIYA, tl'te-re'ya (Skt., from TCiit-
iiri, name of an ancient Hindu sage). The title
of a school of the Yajur-Veda and of the redac-
tion of the Yajur-Veda itself, which belongs to
that particular school. See Veda.
TAIWAN, ti'wan' (Chin., terraced bay). The
name by which the island of Formosa (q.v.) is
known to both the Chinese and Japanese.
TAI-YUEN FU, ti'yoB-en'foo'. A walled city
of China, capital of the Province of Shan-si. It
stands between loess-covered hills near the head
of a fertile plain 30 to 40 miles wide, about 70
miles long, 3000 feet above the level of the sea.
Both coal and iron are worked near the city on
the west, and there are silver mines about 65
miles north. The coal is bituminous and is of
fine quality. The city consists, like Peking, of an
'inner' and an 'outer' city, the 'inner' on the north
and the 'outer' on the south. The former measures
2% miles by 1%, is surrounded by walls of mod-
erate height, and has eight gates with towers over
each and on the corners. The outer city is sur-
rounded by mud walls, with three gates, one of
which is kept closed for Imperial use. There
is no extra-mural population. Among the build-
ings worthy of mention is the Wan-Show Kung,
or 'palace of ten thousand ages,' arranged as a
temple, roofed with yellow tiles, and containing
one room, in which is the Imperial tablet. There
is an Imperial gun and cannon foundry here.
Population, 200,000.
TAJIKS, ta-zheks'. The term applied par-
ticularly to the rural population of Eastern
Persia, and generally to their representatives
and congeners scattered from Constantinople to
the borders of China, and from Orenburg to the
Indian Ocean. It is sometimes more of a de-
scriptive than a racial epithet. There are 'moun-
tain Tajiks' and 'Tajiks of the Plain'— the Gal-
chas (q.v.) of the Pamir being also known as
'mountain Tajiks.' The Tajiks are rather above
the average in height, brachycephalie, and show
traces of Turkish intermixture. It is possible
that the CSalchas and Tajiks may represent an
Asiatic section of the so-called Alpine race of
Western Europe. Both peoples are thus Aryan
intruders into their respective areas, who have
more or less mingled with the preexisting non-
Aryan population. Consult: Lljfalvy, Les Aryens
au nord et ati sud de I'Hindou Kouch (Paris,
1896) ; Houssay, Les races humaines de la Perse
(ib„ 1887).
TAJ MAHAL, tazh ma-hal' (Pers., Crown of Mahal). A white marble mausoleum a mile
