TENNYSON. 136 TENOR. Charge of the Light Brigade." Keturning to Arthurian legend, Tennyson published in 1859 four of the Idiills of the Ki)ig; others were added in 1809, and in 1872 they were arranged in se- quence, with a completion in "Balin and Balan" (1SS5). Though his conception of the Arthu- rian romances has been severely criticised, the Idi/lls are probably his highest achievement. Enoch Arden (1864) was the most immediately popular of all his volumes: sixty thousand copies were sold, and the title poem was translated into eight languages. From the epic Tennyson turned to the drama, producing Queen Mary (1875), Harold (1870), and Beclcet (1884). Be- sides these magnificent historical pieces are The Falcon {S7[)) , The Cup (ISSl) , The Promise of May (1882), and The Foresters (1892), of which The Cup was the most successful as an acting play. Tennyson's productive imagination con- tinued active" throughout his last years. His last volumes were Ballads and Other Poems (1880), containing "Rizpah" and "The Northern Cob- bler;" Tiresias and Other Poems (1885) ; Dem- eter and Other Poems (1889), containing "Cross- ing the Bar;" and the posthumous Death of (Enone and Other Poems (1892). In 1884, after some hesitation, the poet ac- cepted a peerage. He died at Aldworth October 6, 1892, and was buried in Westminster Abbey. Ko English poet has produced masterpieces ia so many different kinds as Tennyson ; and he is the supremely representative figure in litera- ture of the Victorian era, because he touched and reconciled a greater number of its diverse interests than any other writer. Yet he is in constant jn-otest against the individualism which that period inherited from the Romantic revival. The most salient feature of his mental attitude is his sense of law; it is the 'reign of law' as shown by modern science which most attracts him to scientific subjects. The consummate artistic excellence of his verse, resembling in many of its qualities that of Vergil, gives him an abiding place in literature. No better example exists in English of the 'eclectic' style made up of ele- ments inherited from many of his great pred- ecessors, enuilating "by turns the sweet felicity of Keats, the tender simplicity of Wordsworth, the straightforward vigor of ISurns. the elusive melody and dreamlike magic of Coleridge, the stormy sweep of Byron, the large majesty of Milton;" and he expressed, with such an instru- ment, a teaching which was uniformly pure, noble, and consoling. Bibliography. The authorized life of Tenny- son is the Memoir by his son Hallam (London, 1897). The standard editions of the works as revised by the author are the Cabinet Edition (ib., 1898) and the one-volume Globe Edition (ib.. 1808). Books devoted to the study of his poetry are numerous. Consult particularly Stop- ford Brooke, Tennyson, Bis Art and Relation to Modern Life (London, 1894); Van Dyke. The Poetry of Tennyson (New York. 1889; 10th ed., revised, 1898) ; Sneath. The Mind of Tennyson (ib., 1900) ; Stedman. in Victorian Poets (re- vised ed., ib., 1887) : Frederic Harrison, Tenny- son, Ruskin. and Mill (London, 1899), corrected in some particulars by Andrew Lang, Alfred Ten- nyson (New York, 1901); Collins, Illustrations of Tennyson (London, 1891): Anne Tliackeray Ritchie, Records (ib., 1892) ; id., Tennyson and His Friends (ib., 1893) ; Gwynn, A Critical Study of Tennyson (ib., 1899): Luce, Hand-hook to Tennyson's Works (New York, 1896) ; Dixon, A Tennyson Primer (ib., 1896) ; Napier, T/iC Homes and Haunts of Tennyson (London. 1892) ; Rawns- ]ey. Memories of the Tennysons (Glasgow, 1900) ; Masterman, Tennyson as a Religious Teacher (London, 1900) ; Collins, The Early Poems of Tennyson, with bibliography and various read- ings (ib.. 1900); Maccallum, Tennyson's Idylls of the Kiny and the Arthurian Story (New York, 1894); Bradley, Commentary on In Mcmoriam (London, 1901); Lyall, Tennyson, in "English Men of Letters" series (New York, 1902) ; Brightwell, Concordance (London, 1869) ; Shep- herd. [Ul.linyraiihy ( ib., 1896). TENNYSON, Charles. See Turner, Charles Tenny.so.n. TENNYSON, Frederick (1807-98). An English poet, brother to Alfred Tennyson (q.v. ), born at Louth, in Lincolnshire. In 1827 he left Eton, as captain of the school, and went up to Trinit,v College. Cambridge, where he gradu- ated in 1832. He passed most of his time for manv .vears on the Continent, living for a. long period at Florence. In 1859 he settled in the Isle of Jerse,v, where he remained until 1896. He then removed to Kensington, where he died. With his brothers, Alfred and Charles. Freder- ick wrote verse before his college days. To their Poems by Tu-o Brothers (1827) he contributed four poems. In 1854 he published Days and Hours, which contained several beautiful and noble lyrics. He published no more until 1890, when appeared The Isles of Greece. This volume was followed by Daphne and Other Poems (1891) and Poems of the Day and Year (1895), in part a reprint of Days and Hours. Quoting the sonnet on "Poetic Happiness," Alfred Tenny- son said that his brother's poems "were organ- tones echoing among the mountains." TENNYSON, Hallam, second Baron Tenny- sqn (1852 — ). Eldest son of the poet Alfred, Lord Tennyson (q.v.). He was born at Twicken- ham. He was educated at Marlborough School, and at Trinity College, Cambridge, and studied law at the Inner Temple. To the Contemporary Re- vieu} for November. 1876. he contributed a trans- lation of the Old English song of Brunanburh, which was afterwards turned into verse by his father. In 1S80 he edited, with an introduction, the sonnets and lyrics of his uncle Charles Ten- nyson Turner (q.v.) ; and in 1897 he published the authorized life of his father, under the title Alfred Lord Tenni/son. a Memoir. He was made Governor of South Australia in 1899. In 1902 he became Governor-General of the Australian Com- monwealth, but resigned in the following year. TENOCHTITLAN, ta-noch'tet-liin'. The ancient capital of the Aztecs, occupving the site of the present City of Mexico (q.v.). TENOR (OF. tenour. teneur, from ML. tenor, chief melody, highest male voice to which this was assigned, Lat. tenor, a holding, tone, accent, from tenerc. to hold, retain). In music, one of the four classes into which voices are divided in respect to their compass. It is the higher adult male voice, with an appropriate range from c to a'. Music for tenor voices is generally written in the treble clef, or an octave higher than its true pitch. The sign of the C clef is also often
