TERTULLIAN. 152 TESLA. distinctly as does this Carthaginian lawyer- priest. His intensity of character, alert intel- lect, blunt speech, keen satire, dialectical skill, moral strenuousness, and bitter partisanship, all combine to render him a marked personality. It was no doubt largely the result of his train- ing that the expression of Tertullian's views was made in such a form as to imprint upon Western theology a legalistic character which it never lost, and which, through Augustine, passed over into Protestantism. He enjoys the further distinction of being the first to formulate in Latin the principles by which Catholic ortho- doxy could infallibly be known. His Prescription of Heretics, for the clearness with which it enunciates these principles, has not improperly been described as 'a classic' Were it not for his Montanist errors, Tertullian would rank among the greatest of the Latin Fathers. The time and circumstances of his death are un- known ; there is no trace of, him after about the year 220. Among his many writings, the best known is the Ajioioiiti. written probably in 107. It is a splendid vindication of the Christians against the attacks and false charges of the heathen world. His polemical zeal was further directed against Jews and heretics, e.g. in his To the Nations, Against the Jews, Against Marcicm, Against the Valentinians, and Against Praxcas, the last named being especially valuable for the history of doctrine. He wrote many tracts on subjects connected with morals and church dis- cipline, e.g. On Baptism, Penance, Prayer, Pa- tience, Idolatrt/, and •Shows. His characteristic strictness comes out even more strikingly in such works as those on Women's Apparel, The Veiling of Virgins. Monogamg, The Exhortation to Chas- tity, and Fasting. Consult: I'ainy, The Ancient Catholic Church (New York, 1902) ; Simcox, History of Latin Literature (London, 1883); Cruttwell. Literary Histori/ of Earli/ Cliristtan- ity (ib., 189.3) ; 'XeufTel-'Schwabe, Hi'sfory of Roman Literature, translated by Warr (ib., 1900) : Ebert, Gesehiehte der Litteratur des Mittclalters (Leipzig, 1889). The Works of Tertullian are published in the Corpus Scripto- rum Ecrlesiasticorum Latinorum, torn, xx., ed. b.y Reifferscheid and Wissow-a (Vienna, 1890) ; an English translation will be found in The Ante-Xicene Library. American ed.. vols. iii. and iv. (New York. 1885 et seq.). TERUEL, ta'roo-Al'. The capital of the Province of Teruel., in Aragon, Spain, on the left bank of the Ouadalaviar, 72 miles northwest of Valencia (Jlap: Spain, E 2). It is a quaint old town with a handsome Ciothic cathedral. Popu- lation, in lOno. 9538. TEEU-TERtr. A lapwing-plover (Vanellus Cayenensis) of the eastern part of South Amer- ica, whose specific characteristics are the long crest and long blunt yellow si)ur: also its sharp repetitive cry copied in its local name. Its habits on the pampas, where in the breeding season it executes remarkable 'dances.' are described at length by Hudson, who says the bird seems abso- lutely fearless of man at that period, dashing into his face until it becomes a nuisance. Con- sult Hudson, Argentine Ornithology (London, 1888). TERZA RIM A, ter'tsa re'mS (It., third rhyme, triple rhyme). A verse form of Italian origin, of which the first and most notable use was made by Dante in the Dirina Comniedia. Each stanza consists of three lines (usually hendecasyllablcs) with two rhymes; lines I and 3 repeat the middle rhyme of the preceding stanza, and thus the series of stanzas is closely interwoven. The series or canto is closed by a single line rhyming with the mid verse of the foregoing stanza. The whole scheme may be represented in this way: aba, bcb, cdc . . . y z y z. Ordinarily the end of a stanza coincides with a pause in the thought. Init so cohesible is the form that in the canto the strophic individuality may escape notice. There are several theories as to the development of the terza rima; it is doubtless based on an earlier form, but rather on the serrentcsc (Provencal sirrentes) than on the ritornello. Sir Thomas Wyatt, who was nuich under the inlluence of Ital- ian models, introduced the stanza into English, choosing it for three satires. Sir Philip Sidney experimented with it in his Arcadia, and ililton tried it in a version of the second Psalm. There have been some attempts to preserve the original metre of the Dirina Commedia in English trans- lation, notably by Byron, who made a version of the Francesca episode in the Inferno-. Byron's Prophecy of Dante is also written in terza rima. The best English specimen of this difficult stanza is Shelley's Ode to the West Wind. Con- sult: Cassini, tiulle forme metriehe italiano (2d ed., Florence, 1890) : Stengel, "Piomaniselie Vers- lehre," in Ciroeber's Orundriss der ronianischcn Philologie ( Strassburg. 1893, vol. ii., part i.) ; H. Schuchardt, Rifornell nnd Terzine (Halle, 1875) : G. Paris, in Romania, vol. iv. (Paris, 1875) ; and Alden, English Verse (New Y'ork, 1903). TESCHEN, tesh'en (Pol. Cieszyn). A town of Silesia, Aus^ia. 63 miles west-southwest of Cracow, on the right bank of the Olsa (Map: Austria, F 2). It was formerly the capital of the Duchy of Teschen. It has manufactures of modules, carriages, clocks, screws, and furniture. There are also breweries, distilleries, tlax-spin- ning mills, and book-binderies. Teschen is cele- brated for the peace. May 13. 1799, wiiich closed the War of the Bavarian Succession. Poptila- tion, in 1900, 20,454. TESliA, NiKOL.^ (1S57 — ). An inventor and electrician, born in Croatia, Austria. After a course in the schools of his native province, he studied engineering at Gratz to prepare himself as a professor of mathematics and physics, but be- coming interested in electricity. he devoted himself to the study of engineering. He worked in the tele- graphic engineering department of the Austrian Government until 1881, where he was engineer to an electric company. He then came to Amer- ica and found employment for a while with the Edison Company at Orange. N. .1. Subsequently he devoted himself to experimental research and invented much improved apparatus. He devised the principle of the rotary magnetic field, which made possible the transmission of power by means of the alternating ciu'rent. particularly on long-distance lines, a system since extensively employed. He is the inventor of various elec- trical appliances, including dynamos, trans- formers, induction coils, oscillators, and arc and incandescent lamps, but is principally known for his researches in the matter of alternating cur-
