TETUAN. 156 TEUTONIC KNIGHTS. The port, fortified by two forts, is one mile below the town at the mouth of the Martil, and is the only open Mediterranean port in the country. Population, about 25,000, of which 6000 are Jews. Tetuan was the centre of operations in the Spanish-Moroccan War of 1859-60. General 0"Donnell received the title of Duke of Tetuan. TET'ZEL, JoHANN (C.14G0-1519). A German Dominican, famous for his connection with the Reformation through Luther's attacks on his sale of indulgences. He was born at Pirna, in Saxony, about 14G0, and educated at the Uni- versity of Leipzig, where he graduated in 1487, soon afterwards entering the Dominican Order. Being a popular and efl'ective preacher, he was intru.sted with the proclamation of an indul- gence, first on behalf of the Teutonic Knights from 1504 to 1510, and from 1516, as a subor- dinate of Albert of Brandenburg, Archbishop of Mainz, on the occasion of the indulgence pub- lished in favor of contributors to the building fund of Saint Peter's at Rome. It was in opposi- tion to the preaching of Tetzel that Martin Luther published his celebrated theses, on Oc- tober 31, 1517. Tetzel published a series of coun- ter-theses in the following January, and in May a reply to Luther's celebrated sermon on indul- gences. In January. 1510, he was called upon to appear before the Papal legate Von Jliltiz to an- swer charges made against him, and was severely rebuked for unguarded language and impro- prieties in procedure. For his life consult Her- mann (Frankfort, 1883) ; Paulus (Mainz, 1898) ; Korner ( Frankenberg, 1S80) ; Kayser, Geschichts- quellen tiber Tetzel (Annaberg, 1877) ; and Rohm, Zur 'fetzel-Legende (Hildesheim, 1890). TEUBNER, toip'nPr. Benemctus Gotthelf (1784-1856). A German bookseller, printer, and publisher. He was born at Gross-Kraussnigk, and became a bookseller at Leipzig in I8I1. His house soon grew to be one of the most important in Germany. In 1832 he founded a printing house in Dresden. The firm is best known for cheap, accurate, and scholarly editions of Greek and Latin classics. TEU'CEB, (Lat.. from Gk. TcvKpos, Teukros) . The name of two kings in Greek legend. The first seems merely an invented eponymous hero for the Tcucri. traditionally the early inhabit- ants of the Trojan plain. He is not mentioned in the early epic, but later is called the son of the river-god Scamander and a nymph of Mount Ida. Another version brought him from Crete. It was said that he gave his daughter, Bateia, in marriage to Dardanus (q.v. ), who succeeded him as king. The other Teucer appears in the Iliad, and remained a popular figure of legend. He was the son of Telamon. King of Salamis, and Hesione, daughter of Laomedon, King of Troy. He accompanied his half-brother Ajax (q.v.) to Troy, wllere he was the best archer among the Greeks, but on his return his father would not allow him to land at Salamis because he had not avenged the death of his brother Ajax nor brought back Tecmessa and her son by Ajax, Eurysaces. Teucer sailed for Cyprus, where he founded another Salamis. TETTPELSDRbCKH, toi'fels-drek, Heer. In Carlyle's Sartor Rcsarttix. the eccentric German professor whose speculations on the 'philosophy of clothes' forms the vehicle for the satire of the work. ^ TEUFFEL, toi'fel, Wiliielm Sigmund (1820- 78). A German classical scholar, born at Lud- wigsburg, 'urtemberg. He studied at Tubingen, where he became professor of classical philology in 1849. He died at Tubingen, March 8, 1878. His principal work is the Geschichte der ro- iiiiischcii Litteratur (Leipzig, 1870, 5th ed. 1890). It has been transhited into English. Teufl'el also published titudien uiid Charakteristiken sur griechisclien und rijmisclicn, soiric ziir Jeutschcn Litteraturgeschichte (Leipzig, 1871, 3d ed. 1889), and Latcinische Stiliibunyen, besides editions of the Persce of .Eschylus and the Clouds of Aristophanes. TEUTONES. Sec Teutonic Race. TEUTONIC AND SCANDINAVIAN MYTHOLOGY. See Scaxdixavian axd Teu- TOX'IC ilYTlIOLOGY. TEUTONIC KNIGHTS (The Teutonic Knights of Saint Mary's Hospital at Jerusalem). An order of knighthood which originated in a brotherhood formed by German knights in 1190 during the siege of Acre by the Crusaders and recognized by Pope Clement III. in 1191. In 1198 this association was changed into an order of knighthood as a balance to the political influ- ence of the Templars and Hospitalers. Her- mann von Salza. grand master from 1210 to 1239, saw no future in Palestine, and the order engaged in the conquest of the heathen Prussians, inhabit- ing the Baltic regions to the northeast of Ger- many. After a fierce struggle of half a cen- tury they completed their subjugation in 1283. Christianity was planted with fire and sword, cities were founded, and the land was colonized by Germans. In 1237 the Teutonic Knights ab- sorbed the order of the Brothers of the Sword, and so acquired Livonia and Kurland. They waged long wars with the Lithuanians for the possession of the territory intervening between these regions and the Prussian country. Early in the fourteenth century they extended their dominion westward, making themselves masters of Danzig and Little Pomerania (Pomerellen). They became a great power and their State pros- pered, but the Knights themselves remained a ruling aristocracy, and were hated by the con- quered natives and Germans alike. In 1410 the power of the Teutonic Knights sustained a great blow through their defeat in the battle of Tannen- berg at the hands of the Poles and Lithuanians. In 14G6 they were compelled in the Treaty of Thorn to cede West Prussia to Poland and to agree to hold East Prussia as a Polish fief. Half a century later the Knights of the Sword cut loose from the Teutonic Knights, whose domin- ion was now restricted to East Prussia. In 1525 the grand master, Albert of Brandenburg (q.v.), having embraced Protestantism, laid down his office and converted the State over which he ruled into the hereditary Duchy of Prussia, for which he did homage to the King of Poland. The order was composed of knights, priests, and servants. The rule followed was that of Saint Augustine. The insignia was the white mantle with the black cross. After the secularization of the Prussian domain of the Teutonic Knights the order con- tinued to exist in Germany, having numerous possessions, mostly of very small extent, scat-
