THEODOSIUS. the Roman Empire, who, after freeing South Britain from tlie Caledonians, and anni- hilating the formidable rebellion of the Moor Firmus, was beheaded at Carthage in 370. Theo- dosius, who had accompanied his father in his British campaigns, and afterwards, l)y routing the Sarmatians, saved Jlcesia from devastation, retired from active service after his father's murder, and occupied himself with the care of his patrimonial lands in Spain. But on the de- feat and death of Valens (q.v.), his colleague, Gratianus (q.v. ), feeling his inability to sustain alone the cares of empire, summoned Theodosius from his retirement, invested him with the Im- perial purple, and intrusted to him, January 19, 379, the administration of Thrace, Dacia. Mace- donia, Egypt, and the East, and esjiecially the protection of the Empire against the Goths. This last charge called for the full exercise of the new Emperor's abilities, for the arni.v at his command dared not face the Goths in the open field. Theodosius foimd it most prudent to sow jealous.y and dissension among them by promises and bribes, and after a four years" so-called cam- paign, succeeded in pacifying the Visigoths, the Ostrogoths retreating toward Scythia. The lat- ter returned in 3SG, their ranks swelled by Scythians, but were totally routed in attempting to pass the Danube, and the survivors were trans- ported to Phrygia and Lydia. In 387 Theodosius undertook to restore to the throne of the Western Empire Valentinian II. (whose sister, Galla, he married), the brother of Gratian, who had been expelled by Maximus: and after a uniformly successful contest, the usurper was captured and put to death at Aquileia (388). In 392 the suspicious death of Valentinian and the elevation of the puppet Eugenius by Arbo- gastes, the real riler of the West, again sum- moned Theodosius to interfere ; and after two years of preparation his army gained a complete victory over the army of the West, and the two portions of the Roman Empire were again united under one ruler. The union, however, lasted only four months, owing to the death of Theodo- sius, January 17, 39.5. Theodosius, though a professor of the orthodox Christian faith, was not baptized till 380, and his behavior after that period stamps him as one of the most cruel and vindictive persecutors who ever wore the purple. His humiliation before Saint Ambrose, Bishop of Milan, for the massacre at Thessalonica, was regarded by the Church as one of its greatest victories over the temporal power. See Asi- BBOSE. Theodosius II., Emperor of the East from 408 to 450, was the only son and successor of Arcadius (q.v.). He was but seven years old when he ascended the throne. The chief events of his reign were the invasion of the Em- pire by the Huns under Attila, a war with Persia, renewed efforts to extirpate paganism, and the compilation of the Codex Theodosianus. See Code. — Theodosius III. was an unim- portant Byzantine Emperor (a.d. 716-717). who abdicated after a few months' reign. THEODOSIUS, Arch of. A triumphal arch at Rome, erected in a.d. 405 at the approach to the Pons Vaticanus, in honor of the three ejii- perors Arcadius, Honorius, and Theodosius, in commemoration of their destruction of the Goths, 197 THEOLOGICAL EDUCATION. THEOGTJIS (Lat.. from Gk. QioyM) (6th century ux). A Greek elegiac poet, born at Nisit-an Megara. During the conflict in his na- tive city between the aristocratic and democratic parties, in which he took the side of the aristo- crats, he lost his estate and was reduced to poverty and driven into exile. He appears to have visited Sicily, Ba>otia, Euboea, and Sparta, and later, apparently under changed conditions, he returned to his native city. Theognis is the only elegiac poet whose works have come down to us in anything like complete condition. We possess under his name 1389 verses in two books which set forth the political belief and ideals of the Dorian oligarchs. The work is fragmentary and has sufl'ered largely from interpolations. The genuine remains of his work are valuable evidence as to the state of political parties and social conditions in the sixth century. The frag- ments are edited bv Bergk in his Poptw Lyrici Gra-ci (4th ed., Leipzig, 1882) : bv Ziegler (2d ed.. Tubingen, 1880) : by Sitzler' (Heidelberg, 1880) ; and by Hartmann in his Studies in Theofinis (Cambridge, 1902). THEOGONY (Lat. theogonia, from Gk. Bfoyovia, generation of the gods, from $(6t, iliros, god + -yofia, -fionia, generation, from y6pos, gonos, seed). A genealogy of the gods. The earliest theogonies among the Greeks were that of the epic e,ycle, of unknown authorship, now lost, and the extant work of Hesiod. According to Pausanias, the poems of Onomacritus, who lived at the close of the sixth century B.C., belonged to this class. The Orphic theogony, which had a great influence among the Neo-Platonists, was composed at a late period, although it ifiay have embodied much of the earlier Orphic doctrine. See Hesiod. THEOLOGICAL EDUCATION. The system of training in theology, with special reference to professional preparation for the work of the ministry. It will naturally have to be considered under two main heads, owing to fundamental, differences in the point of view. the catholic system. The older system of theological education, that prevailing in Catholic institutions, is the result of a gradual historical development from the beginning of the Church. Although the aim and ideal have remained unchanged, the matter has broadened and the lines widened and deepened in response to the demands on the Church's or- ganic activity. The training of the subject, the man, has ever been its first and most im- portant function — consisting in the assimilating of his mind to the object matter of the theo- logical disciplines and of his conduct to the ideal of the priestly vocation. The first thologians were educated and instructed in the school of Christ. They in turn handed on to their disciples what they had received from their master. Its matter was the Bible, the Old and New Testament, the latter especially, with the oral interpretation gathered and treasured from the instructions of Jesus. The form was simple, unsystematic, adapted to the synthetic soul rather than the analytic mind. I5oth aspects — the matter and the form — are indicated with sufficient detail to enable one to estimate their character in the letter of Saint Paul to Titus and his two letters to Timothy, Contact with Judaism developed
