THISTLE, Order of the; less commonly Order of Saint Andrew. A Scottish order having the year 787 as the mythical date of its foundation. It was established by James V. in 1540, reorganized by James II. of Great Britain in 1687, and a second time reconstituted by Queen Anne in 1703. The statute of 1827 limits the number of knights to sixteen members of the Scottish nobility, in addition to the sovereign and princes of the blood. The star of the order is of silver with a round gold plaque bearing a thistle on a green field. The ribbon is green. The motto runs, Nemo me impune lacessit.
THISTLE-BIRD. The American goldfinch (q.v.).
THISTLEWOOD CONSPIRACY, or Cato Street Conspiracy. A plot against the British Government formed in 1819-20 by Arthur Thistlewood (1770-1820). It was planned to murder the Ministers at a dinner given by Lord Harrowby on February 23, 1820, to seize the Mansion House, attack the Bank of England, and to set fire to London in several quarters. All of Thistlewood's intentions were, however, regularly reported to the authorities by one of his confidants, George Edwards. On February 21, 1820, the conspirators hired a loft in Cato Street, and there they were arrested on February 23d. Thistlewood escaped, but was captured the following day. He was found guilty on April 19th, and hanged with four other conspirators on May 1st.
THO′AS (Lat., from Gk. Θόας). (1) The son of Dionysus and Ariadne. He was King of Lemnos and father of Hypsip.yle (q.v.). who saved him when the men of the island were killed by the Lemnian women. (2) A King of Tauris. Artemis carried Iphigenia into his do- minion after saying her from the sacrifice. THO'BTJRN, .James Mills (1836—). A Meth- odist Episcopal bishop. He was born at Saint Chiirsville, Ohio ; graduated at Allegheny Col- Icu'e, 18.'J7 : was admitted to the Pittsburg Con- ference 1858: went to India as a missionary, 1859 ; was presiding elder of the Calcutta dis- trict (Bengal Conference), 1873-88; editor of The Witness for six years: represented the India Conference in the General Conference, 1876, the South India Conference, 1880, and the Bengal Conference, 1888. He was elected mis- sionary bishop of India and Malaysia, 1888. He has written M;/ Missionary Apprenticeship (1887) ; Missionari/ Addresses Before Theoloqi- cal Schools (1887) ': India and Malaysia (1893) : The Deaconess and Her Vocation (1893) : Christ- less Xatiotjs: Addresses Delirered at Syracuse Z'niversity on the Grares Foundation (1895); Light in the East (1898) ; The Church of Pente- cost (1901). THOLEN, to'len. An island belonging to the Province of Zealand. Netherlands, 22 miles north by Avest of Antwerp (Map: Netherlands, C 3), It covers an area of about 47 square miles. The little town of Tholen is in the eastern part. Population, in 1899. 3076. THOLUCK. t(yink, Friedrich August Gott- REU (1799-1877). A German theologian, horn in Breslau. He became professor extraordinary of theology at Berlin in 1823. and full professor at Halle in 1826, where he spent the remainder of his life with the exception of a sojourn in Kome in 1828-29. Tholuck was an influential preacher, writer, and teacher. His most important work was excgetii-al. His commentaries on the Psalms, the Sermon on the Mount, John, Romans, Hebrews, have all been translated into English, His best known works are Die wahre Weihe des Zirei/lers (1823; 9th ed, 1870; Eng. trans., (luido and Julius, 1854) ; Das Alte Testament im Neuen (1836; 7th ed. 1877); and Stunden christlicher Andacht (1840; Eng. trans.. House of Christian Devotion, Xew York, 1875). Among his other works mav be mentioned: Iicbenszeuqen der lutherisehen Kirche vor und wiihrend der Zeit des drcissifijiihrigen Krieges { 1859) ; Oe- schichte des Rationalismus (1st part, 1865), Consult his Life by L. Witte (Bielefeld, 1884-86). His collected works were published at Gotha (11 vols., 1863-72). THOM, John Hamilton (1808-94). A Uni- tarian ch'rgyman and author, born at Newry, in County IJown, Ireland, where his father was settled as a Presbyterian minister. He studied at the Belfast Academical Institution with a view to the Presbyterian ministry, but he was won over to Unitarianisni by the writings of William Ellery Channing (q.v.). From 1831 to 1806 he was minister of Renshaw Street Chapel, Liverpool. In this long pastorate there was, however, one break — from 1854 to 1857 — - when his place was taken by William Henry Channing (q.v.). Meanwhile (1838) he be- came editor of the Christian Teacher (after- wards the Prospective Reviete) . In company with Martineau he conducted a famous contro- versy with Anglican divines on the interpreta- tion of the New Testament (1839). Besides a life of Joseph Blanco White, Thom published mainl.v Saint Paul's Epistles to the Corinthians (1801); Letters. Embracing His Life, by John Jainesi Tai/ler (1872): Laws of Life After the Mind of Christ (1883), After his death ap- peared A Spiritual Faith (1895). THOMA, tr/ma, Hans (1839—), A German painter, illustr;itor, and lithographer. With Feuerbach, Marces, and Biicklin, he became one of the leaders of modern painting in Germany. He was born at Bernau, in the Black Forest, In 1859 he studied at the Karlsruhe Academy with Schirmer, at Diisseldorf (1807), and then in Paris, where he came under the influence of Courbet, Afterwards he spent four years in Jlimich with Victor Mtillcr, who also e.xerted a powerful influence upon him. But his stvle was eventuallv formed bv study of the fifteenth-cen- tury Italians. In 1899 he took charge of the academv and gallery at Karlsruhe. His archaic figure drawing at first blinded the public to the richness of his color, the power and poetrv of his imagination, and the depth of his s.^Tupathy with German life, but after the Collective Exhibition of (Jerman art at Munich in 1890 his true value began to be appreciated. Landscapes, portraits, genre scenes of German life, religious, mythologi- cal, and allegorical subjects, have been treated bv him, and he has also done some work in lithog- raphy, etching, and illustration. His litho- grajihs arc full of decorative value. His paint- in.<.'S include: "The Keepers of the Garden ot Love" (Breslau) ; "A Landscape with Children" and a portrait of himself (Dresden) : "An Open Valley" (Frankfort); and "A Taunus Land-
