THOMAS. '237 THOMAS SLAG. symphony concerts in New York. In 1866 he in- stituted his summer-night festivals. In IStiO he conceived the idea of travelinj]; during the time unoccupied in Xew York, and for nine years he made an annual round of the principal Ameri- can cities. In 1878 he accepted the jjosition of director of the College of JIusic at Cincinnati, but in the spring of 1880 he resigned his position to return to New York. From 1878 to 1890 he was the conductor of the Brooklyn Philharmonic Society, and in 1890 he went to Chicago. The orchestra which he built up in Chicago became one of the recognized great or- chestras of the world, and. notwithstanding the heavy annual deficit which was a feature of many of the years of its existence, its guarantors sup- ported Thomas in his unswerving determination to present nothing but the best in music. He re- fused to cater to the popular taste, and finally succeeded in winning the public to his own ideals. See Chic.go Orchestra. THOMAS, Theodore Gaillard (1832-1903). An eminent American g^'niecologist. born in Edisto Island, S. C, and educated in Charleston. He studied in Europe, principally in Paris and Dublin, in 1853-5.5, and began the practie'e of his profession in New York. He was lecturer in the New York University {1855-03), and pro- fessor in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York City (1863-89), in which he was pro- fessor of gyiiiecology when he retired. He was a finished speaker, a man of great personal charm, a clear thinker, an expert analyst, and an exact and skillful surgeon. Dr. Thomas wrote Dis- eases of Women (Philadelphia, 1868), which passed through six editions in English, and was translated into French, German. Spanish, Chi- nese, and Italian. See his biographv in Medical Record, vol. Ixiii. (New York, 1903). THOMAS a BECKET, a bek'et. See Becket. THOMAS a KEM'PIS. See Kempls. THOMAS AQUINAS. See Aquinas. THOMASIUS, to-ma'ze-us, Christian (1655- 1728). A German philosopher and jurist, born in Leipzig. He began to lecture in the University of Leipzig. His lectures were free from the ped- antry of the schools, and were delivered in the German language instead of the traditional Latin. These innovations brought upon him the hostility of the conservative educators. He also edited the first scientific journal in the German language, but the liberal tone of it excited so nuich opposition that he was forced to leave Leip- zig. He went to Halle in 1690, where he was one of the founders of the university and its first professor of jurisprudence. The great aim of Thomasius was to harmonize and blend science and life. His important works were: Inst it u- tioniim J urisprudentice Divinw Libri Tres ( 1688) ; Fundamenta Juris KaturcB et Gentium (1705); and Geschichte der Weisheit und Thorheit. For his life, consult Luden (Berlin, 1805), Wagner (ib.. 1872), and Kleniperer (ib., 1888). THOMASIUS, Gottfried (1802-75). A Ger- man theologian. He was born at Egenhausen, Wiirttemberg. studied at Erlangen. Halle, and Berlin, and was professor of systematic theology at Erlangen from 1842 till his death. His most important publications were: Oriqines (1837); Christi Person und Wcrk (1852-01; 3d cd. 1886- 88) ; Die christliche Dogmengeschichte (1874- 70; 2d cd. 1886-89). THOMAS {lAit. pron. tho'mris) MAGIS'TEB, (Gk., i:)t,i/iii<; u /ja-)ia-poc, Thomast ho nuKjistrus, Master 'iliomas). A Greek rhetorician and grannnarian of the early part of the four- teenth century. He was probably born at Thessalonica, and lived some time at the Court of the Byzantine Emperor Andronicus Pala?ologus II., where he held important ollices. Later he retired to a monastery, and devoted himself to the study of the Greek language. His principal work is a Lexicon of Attic Greek ["En/nyai bvouAruv 'ArrfKui'), compiled from other grammarians. The work possesses some value, as it has preserved writings which would other- wise have been lost. Aside from the lexi- con, the works of Thomas Hagister include scholia to .Eschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, and three plays of Aristophanes, which are preserved with the other scholia to those authors, as well as lives of these writers which have come down to us in the manuscripts of their works. Letters and orations of Thomas JIagister have been preserved. Especially noteworthy is the oration on Gregory of Nazianzns. The earliest edition of the Lexicon is that of Z. Callierges (1517) ; the latest, that of Pvitschl (1832). THOMAS or CELANO, cha-la'no (e.l200- '!) . One of the first mendiers of the Franciscan Order. He was born at Celano, in the Abruzzi, became acquainted with Francis of Assisi, and was in 1221 sent by him upon a mission to Ger- many. In 1223 he was placed over the monas- teries of Worms. Speyer, JIainz, and Cologne, but in 1230 we find him again in Italy. His intimacy with Francis eminently fitted him to be his biographer, and he wrote two sketches of the saint, which are of primary importance, as well as the Life of Saint Clara. Of moi-e universal interest is his claim, now practically admitted by all scholars, to be considered the author of the Dies Irce (q.v. ), except perhaps the last six verses. The date of his death is unknown. THOMAS SLAG, PnosPHATic Slag, Basic Slag, Odorless Phosphate, or Thomas Phos- phate Powder. A by-product of the nuinufac- ture of steel from phosphatic ores by the basic or Thomas process, in which phosphorus is elimi- nated from the pig iron by means of basic ( rich in lime) lining to the Bessemer converters and by adding lime to the molten pig ii-on. The slag is therefore rich in lime (about 15 per cent, in the free state and 40 per cent, combined with other substances). The phosphoric acid content of the product as found in the market is very variable, ranging from 10 to 25 per cent. Slag of average quality contains 15 to 20 per cent, of phosphoric acid. In good slag 80 per cent, of this phosphoric acid should be available, as shown by the chemical methods of determining availability, i.e. by treatment with a solution of citric acid or annnonium citrate. The phosphoric acid of slag, unlike that of superphosphates, is prac- tically insoluble in water. Recently attempts have been made with some success to prepare a slag in which the phosphoric acid is more avail- able by fusing the product as obtained from the converters at about 900° C. with sufficient silica (quartz) to convert the free lime into silicate. Such slag differs materially from the untreated product not only in containing a higher percent-
