THBOAT 257 THRUSH. intubation is not feasible. Ttie former consists in opening the larynx from the outside through the cricotliyroid membrane, and introducing a tube through which the patient breathes. In tracheotomy the opening is made lower down, in the trachea. Tuberculous laryngitis occurs in many phthis- ical patients. There is swelling, ulceration, and destruction of the vocal cords and adjacent struc- tures, w'ith hoarseness, loss of voice, great pain, and inabilitj' to swallow solid food. Syphilis, particularly in its tertiary stage, often attacks the throat, producing fibrous tissue which gradually contracts, and narro"s, distorts, and partially destroys the larynx. Foreign bodies not seldom find their way into the larynx, and if small are apt to pass into the trachea or bronchial tubes, and if not removed may produce death by suffocation or set up a fatal pneumonia. In children it is often possible by inverting and shaking the patient to ■dislodge a foreign body: in other cases these have to be removed by specially devised instru- ments or a cutting operation. Cancer and other tumors of a polypoid or fibrous character may develop in the larynx or its neighborhood. Cancer is nearly always fatal. See Catarrh; Diphtheria; Quinsy; Ton.sil. THEOMBOSIS ( Neo-Lat., from Gk. ffpStM^u- CIS, the state of being curdled, from 0p(iij.(3o's, thrombos, curd, clot). A term originally sug- gested by Virchow, and employed to designate an affection of the blood vessels (either veins or arteries) which essentially consists in a coagula- tion of blood ( forming a true clot ) at a certain fixed spot, owing to disease of the blood vessel, pressure against its side or laceration of it, or microbial infection. It is a common cause of sudden death in persons who appear to be in robust health. If death does not result, after the detachment of a thrombus and its lodgment, as an embolism, in a cerebral artery, softening «f the brain follows. See Apoplexy; Embolism. THROMBUS. A stratified clot formed with- in a blood vessel by coagulation at a bifurcation of a vessel or iipon a surface roughened, for ex- ample, by sclerotic changes. See Thrombosis. THROOP, Montgomery Hunt (182702). An American lawyer, nephew of Enos T. Throop, late Governor of New York. He was liorn in New York State, and, after studying at Holrart College, practiced law in partnership withRoscoeConkling. In 1870 he was appointeil a connnissioner to revise the statutes of the State: afterwards was chair- man of the commission that prepared the Code of Civil Procedure, and after 1878 devoted him- self to legal writing. His publications include a Treatise on the Viilidili/ of Verbal Agreements (1870) ; an Annotated Code of Civil Procedure (1880) ; and the Revised Statutes of New York (1888). THROSTLE. See Spinning. THROW (AS. ]>ratran. OHG. dralian, drajan, Ger. drchrn. to turn, twist; connected with Lat. <ere6ra, borer, Gk. rcpeiv, (crcin, to bore) . The term applied in mining to the amount of dis- location (q.v. ), in a vertical direction, produced by a fault in the strata. That side of the frac- ture which has moved downward relatively is spoken of as the downthrow side, the opposite cne as the upthrow. See Fault. THRUSH (AS. J'rysce, OHG. drOsca, drOscea, drOscela. bavarian Droschcl, thrush; connected with AS, prostle, Jvo.v/c, Eng, throstle, Ger. Drossel, thrush, and ultimately with Lat. tardus, Lith. struzdas, Lett, strazds, thrush). The thrushes comprise the subfamily Turdina- of the family Turdida>, usually ranked as the high- est group of birds. They have a bill of moderate size, straiglit, shorter than the head, and pro- vided at the base with rictal bristles; the nostrils are oval and bare; the tarsi are long, slender, and 'booted;' ten jnimaries are present, but the outermost is exceedingly small; tail shorter than wings. About l.^iO species, all of moderate size, are known, and they are widely distriljuted, and most of them are migratory, A few species are gregarious, but the majority live singly or in pairs. Their food is mainly insects and worms, of which they destroy incalculable numbers, but in winter they eat berries and seeds, and in spring small fruits. All are excellent singers, and .some are counted the best of bird songsters. In America, north of Jlexico, there are about a dozen species of thrush, of which the best known is the common rol)in (q.v.), which ranges over the whole continent. In Lower California there is an allied species ; and in the Northwest occurs the 'varied thrush.' (See Oregon Robin.) Our more distinctive "tlirushes' are considerably smaller than the robin, and all of them are birds of the woods. The best known are the Wilson's thrush or veery {Turd us fuscescens) , the song or wood thrush (Turdus mustelinus), the olive-backed thrush {Turdus ustulatus) , and the hermit thrush (Turdus AonalaseJikm) , the two latter having several "varieties.' All these are seven or eight inches long, olive or brown above, white, more or less creamy and spotted below. The Mood-thrush or 'wood-robin' is a less retiring bird, not infrequently seen on lawns and in or- chards. He is larger than the veery, with the head bright cinnamon brown, changing gradu- ally into light olive brown toward the tail, ^loreover, he is thickly marked with large round black spots underneath. The song of this thrush, especially as evening approaches, is remarkably sweet and has made him a great favorite with bird-lovers. The ordinary calling note has been likened to striking pebbles together; it is utterly unlike the clear whistle of the veery. The nest is usually in a bush or on a tree-limb or a stump, five or ten feet from the ground, and is dis- tinctively characterized by always having a foundation of dead leaves, often with some nnid. The eggs are clear Idue. The olive-backed thrush is a more northerly species than either of the preceding, and occurs in the United Statea chiefly as a migrant, while it winters in the tropips. It is readily distinguished by the uniform olive upper parts, and the bright buff lores and rings around the eyes. The only species with which it is at all likely to be confused is the gray-cheeked thrush (Turdus Alicia^), a bird of similar range and habits, without the bufT lores and eye-rings, and formerly regarded only as a variety. The eggs of both are blue, spotted and speckled with bright brown. The hermit thrvish may be easily recognized by the fact that the tail is rufous, brighter than the back. It is also a somewhat smaller and more slender bird than either the veery or wood-thrush. It is
