TIAHITANACO. 265 TIARA. frontier, on an arid plain midway between lakes Titicaca and Aullagas, at an elevation of 12, '.100 feet. The present town of the same name stands a short distance from the ruins and is built for the most part of beautifully cut stones from the ancient buildings. In the ruined town live great structures besides an equal number of shapeless mounds may be traced. These buildings , are conmionly known as the Fortress, the Temple, the Palace, the Hall of Justice, and the Sanctu- ary. The fortress consists of a rectangular mass of earth (i20 feet long, 450 feet wide, and about 50 feet high, supported by walls of stone forming ter- races, the walls sloping inward. On the summit are traces of rectangular buildings. Adjoining the pyramid to the east is a rectangular apron mound. The Fortress has been almost destroyed by excavations for treasures, but these diggings show that there were subterranean structures within the mound. All the buildings of Tiahua- naco are oriented to within ten degrees of the cardinal points. The Temple, believed to be the oldest building here, is a rectangle 388 by 455 feet, defined by erect stones between 8 and 10 feet high, 2 by 4 feet broad, and from 20 to 30 inches thick. On the eastern side, aligned along a lower terrace, are ten columns about 15 feet high, by 4 feet by 3 feet. The interior of the rectangle is raised eight feet above the level of the ground and has a sunken court 280 feet long and 100 feet broad. To the east of the Temple is the Palace, of which the massive foundation re- mains, composed of blocks of trachyte 8 to 10 feet long and 5 feet wide. The piers of this building are deeply sunk in the groimd and rest on a pavement of cut stones. The Hall of Jus- tice stood at one end of a sunken court in a rectangle in plan like that of the Temple. It was a platform l."il feet long and 23 broad, built of enormous blocks of stone, and had three groups of alcoves or seats arranged at the ends and in the centre, and between the central and side groups were monolithic doorways with sculp- tured friezes. The Hall of Justice also stands on a raised area, in the centre of which was a building about 50 feet square , con- structed of very large stones, and called the Sanctuary. Within the building is a slab of stone 13 feet 4 inches square and 20 inches thick. . On its surface is cut what seems to be the plan of a building resembling that of the Fortress, and six niches in which perhaps statues were located. Tiahuanaco is famous for its great monolithic gateway of hard trachyte 13 feet 5 inches long, 7 feet 2 inches high above ground, and 18 inches thick. The lintel over the front of the gateway is sculptured in low relief and the back is carved to represent doors and windows. The masonry at Tiahuanaco is laid without mortar, the stones on each course are tongued and grooved at the ends, and bronze pins and T-clamps were em- ployed to hold the courses in place. Earlier travelers speak of statuary at Tiahuanaco, but these pieces have been destroyed except a head, which belonged to a figure probably about 18 feet high. The building stone was transported from 15 to 40 miles and the dressing was done with bronze and stone tools. There is no reliable tradition as to the builders, who it is supposed were the Tneas or Aymarfls. and no reason can be assigned for the location of the city on a bar- ren plain at a great altitude, unless it be that the foundation was determined by religious ideas. Consult Stiibel and Uhle, Die kuinenstatte voiv Tiahuanaco (Breslau, 1892). TIAN-SHAN, t^-iin' shUn', or Celestial MoUiNTAiiNs. A great mountain system of Cen- tral Asia. It begins in the southeastern part of Russian Turkestan, and extends in an eastward direction for nearly 1500 miles across East Turk- estan toward the Desert of Gobi, in which it is- gradually lost (Map: Persia, N 2). It forms the northern boundary of the great Tarini Basin, which it separates from the w^itersheds of Lake Balkash and the Syr-Darya. It is connected by broken ranges with the Altai Mountains to the north. The system consists almost through- out its length of a number of parallel ranges with a total width of about 200 miles. In the central portion there is a main ridge forming an unluoken wall covered with per- petual snow throughout its length, and culminat- ing in the west in the Khan-Tpngri. a ])eak bear- ing enormous glaciers and reaching an altitude of 24,000 feet. East of this ridge the mountains descend in a broad plateau with scattered peaks and ridges from fiOOO to 10,000 feet high. West of the Khan-Tengri the system spreads out like a fan with numerous branches which finally lose themselves in the plains of Russian Turkestan. One of these ranges runs into the Pamir (q.v. ), where, through the Sarikol. it connects with the Kuen-lun, Hindu-Kush, and Himalaya systems. In this western portion there are several impor- tant passes affording routes between Russian and East Turkestan. The system incloses numerous large longitudinal valleys whose bottoms form wide steppe regions. Above these the slopes are covered with immense spruce forests succeeded by an alpine flora to the snow-line. The loftiest group in the eastern portion, the Bogdo-ola, is held sacred by the ilongolians. and figures promi- nently in their religious mythology. TIARA (Lat. tiara, tiaras, from Gk. ndpa, Tiipas, Tidpr]s, head-dress of the Persian kings ) . The triple crown of the Pope. Although a cap called a tiara was worn by some Oriental mon- archs, as by the Achiemenid dynasty of Persia, as an ecclesiastical head-dress it has more affin- ity w'ith that of the Jewish high priests, the form of which is more or less preserved in the mitres worn by the bishops of the Eastern Church to- day. (See Costume, Ecclesiastical.) It is composed of a high cap of gold cloth, encircled by three coronets, with a mound and cross of gold on the top. From the cap hang two pend- ants, embroidered and fringed at the ends. The original Papal crown consisted of the cap alone, and was first used by Pope Nicholas I. (858-8(>7)- Alexander II. added a second coronet about 10G5, and Urban V. (1302-70) the third. A syndiolie meaning has since been found in the triple crown, as representing the authority of the Pope over the Church militant, expectant, and triinnphant. It is placed on the Pope's head at bis coronation by the second cardinal deacon, with the word* "Receive the tiarn, adorned with three crowns, and know that thou art father of princes and kings, ruler of the world, vicar of our Saviour Jesus Christ." At ceremonies of a purely spirit- ual character the Pope wears the mitre, like other bishops, not the tiara.
