TICKET OF LEAVE. 273 TICONDEBOGA. TICKET OF LEAVE. In Great Britain and its Australiim colonies, a kind of permit or license granting a prisoner his liberty for good conduct, and revocable for subsequent miscon- duct, under the terms of its conditions. The term was first applied to the license of liberty granted to convicts in Van Diemen's Land as a part of the reform in pri.son methods in 1S40, and later to those who were granted a similar license in England as a partial compensation for their long term of imprisonment after transportation had been discontinued, but the terms of sentence had not been shortened. These convicts became so nunerous, and the number of crimes com- mitted by them became so serious, that a still further reform led to the system of granting the license upon the mark system, under which it was given only to convicts sentenced for terms longer than two years, and who by their work and industry, as shown by their marks, became en- titled to it. Under this system the ticket of leave has been found to work well, its chief de- feet being the drawback put upon the prisoner's chance of success in obtaining work and living among reputable people by his liability to con- stant surveillance by the police officials. This defect is largely removed by the existence of vari- ous private charitable institutions which look after the prisoners who place themselves under their charge in such a manner as to remove the publicity of their being watched. The prisoner is jjractically free to come and go as he chooses within a certain district, under certain condi- tions of living an honest industrious life among honest people, and making periodical reports. The effectiveness of such a system of reward- ing good conduct on the part of prisoners, and inducing them to live honest lives without im- prisonment, but yet where their conduct is sub- ject to control, has become so generally recognized in the United States that similar acts have been passed in about half of them, the license being generally called a 'parole.' Most of these acts have been passed since 1890, and under none of them can a parole be granted to a person con- victed of murder in either the first or second de- gree; and most of them refuse it to a prisoner serving under a second conviction of crime. Of course the prisoners themselves are found to favor the granting of paroles; and the better element among them are in favor of the honest and strict enforcement of the conditions of sur- veillance. Consult the works referred to under Penology; Prisons; and also the Report of J. Franklin Fort to the American Bar Association in 1898. TICK'NOR, FR.4NCIS Orrery (1822-74). An American poet, born in Baldwin County, Ga. He studied medicine in the North and practiced his profession at Columbus, Ga. A small volume of miscellaneous verses was published in 1879. Two poems of Ticknor's are well known and rank among the best lyrics produced in the South. They are the pathetic "Little Giffen" and the stirring "Virginians of the Valley." TICKNOB, George (1701-1871). An Ameri- can literary critic and historian, born in Boston. Educated in a scholarly home, a graduate of Dartmouth ( 1807) , admitted to the Boston bar in 1813, he gave up the legal profession for litera- ture, went to Europe in 1815, studied four years at Gottingen and in other Continental cities, and returned in 1819 with a valuable library to a professorship of modern languages and literature in Harvard College. Here he devoted himself especially to French and Spanish, and attracted hearers beyond the university circle. He resigned his professorship in 18.35, passed three years in Europe and eleven further years in elaborating his greatest work. History of flpanish Literature (1849), which was translated into German and Spanish and came to be regarded as 'a standard work, even in Spain. It was reissued in 1854, and again reedited and enlarged in 1863. A fourth edition embodies his latest revisions. He published also a Life of Willifim Hickling Pres- cott (1864) and several minor works. His Life, Letters, and Journals are collected in two volumes (1876). Other letters describing his life as a German student may be found in W. P. Trent's English Culture in ^'irgi))ia (.Johns Hopkins University Studies). His library, containing one of the best collections of Spanish literature in existence, was bequeathed to the Boston Public Library. As an educator Ticknor was in ad- vance of his generation ; as a citizen he repre- sented the best traditions of Boston ; as a scholar he held his own with the erudite men of his day. His greatest work, however, does not in its style represent the personality of the man so much as it does the conscientiousness of the scholar, and it is slowly losing its prestige. TICKNOK, William Davis (1810-64). An American publisher, born at Lebanon, N. H. He founded at Boston, in 1828, the publishing firm of Ticknor & Fields, afterwards known as Ticknor & Co. In addition to the works of Longfellow, Holmes, Saxe, Whittier, and Lowell, he pub- lished the Atlantic Monthly and North American Review, and made his office the resort of the lead- ing literary men of his time. Mr. Ticknor was among the first American publishers to pay for- eign authors for their work. TICON'DEKO'GA. A village in Essex County, N. Y., 100 miles north by east of Al- bany ; on the stream which conveys the waters of Lake George into Lake Champlain, and on the Delaware and Hudson and other railroads (Map: New York, G 2). It is rich in reminiscences of the Colonial and Revolutionary periods. The vicinity is noted for its extensive production of crystalline gi'aphite, furnishing the greater part of the total output of the United States. The water power afforded by the falls is utilized by several industrial establishments. Paper, wood pulp, and lumber products constitute the leading manufactures. Population, in 1890, 2267; in 1900, 1911. In 1755 the French, recognizing the strategic value of the promontory, built a fort here and called it Fort Carillon (chime of bells), in allu- sion to the pleasing sound of the waterfalls near by. Several years later the present name was adopted. In 1757 Montcalm assembled here a force of 9000 men, with which he took Fort William Heni-y, on Lake George. On July 8, 1758, General Abercrombie, with I.'). 000 men, stormed Fort Carillon, but was repulsed with a loss of 2000, Viscount George A. Howe being among the killed. In 1759 General Amherst with a force of 12,000 men invested it. and the French, being too weak to withstand an attack, dismantled and abandoned both this fort and Crown Point, which
