TIEDGE. 277 TIEN-TSIN. After his death the Tiedge Foundation was es- tablished in Dresden for the purpose of caring for the poet's grave and of granting subventions to poets and artists or their widows and children. Administered by the Saxon Jlinistry of Public Instruction, its funds amounted to more than 662.000 marks, in 1901. Consult: Falkenstein, Tiethjes Lebcn und poetischcr yaclihiss (Leipzig, 1841 ) ; Eberhard, lilicke in Tiedgcs mid Etisas Leben (Berlin, 1844): and Kern. Beitriiye zu einer Charakteristik dcs Dichtcrs Tiedge (ib., 1896). TIEFFENBEUCKER, te'fen-bnik'er. A well- knoun vinlininakcr uf the sixteenth century. See DuiFi'OPKUCiCAR, Caspab. TIEL, tel. A town in the Netherlands, Prov- ince of Gelderland, situated on the right bank of the Waal, and on the Elst-Dordreeht Railway, 19 miles west of Nimeguen (Map: Netherlands, D 3). The town possesses the beautiful Church of Saint Mar.y, partly tinished. the Church of Saint Jlartin, dating probably from the twelfth century, and a conuuunal college. Tiel was an important commercial centre as early as 972, when it received municipal privileges from the Emperor Otho I. It is the principal trading place of the Neuse-Waal district. It manufac- tures mustard and madder. Population, in 1890, 9890; in 1900, 10,788. TIELE, te'lc, Coknelis Petrus (1830-1902). A Dutch theologian. He was born near Leyden, and studied at Le.yden and Amsterdam. He then entered the ministry, being connected with the Remonstrant or Radical sect of the Evangeli- cal Church, and served churches at Moordrecht and Rotterdam (1853-1872). Meanwhile he con- tinued his theological studies and published a valuable work on Zoroastrianism, De Godsdienst van Zarathiistra (1864). In 1866 he began with Kuenen the editing of the Theologisch Tijdschrift, which at once became one of the leading Conti- nental reviews. In 1872 he published a Com- parative History of Egyptian and Semitic Re- ligions. In 1873 he became professor of theology at the Remonstrant Seminary at Leyden, and while there published a Manual of the History of Religions (1870), which at once took a lead- ing place in the literature of the subject. It has been translated into English (History of Re- ligion, London, 1877). In 1877 Tiele became pro- fessor of the history and philosophy of religion. In 1893 he began the publication of a monu- mental work on The History 'of Religions Down to the Days of Alexanda' the G-reat, three vol- umes of which have appeared, and a fourth post- humous volume is expected (translated into German, Gesehichte der Religion im Alterthum, Gotha. 1895). In 1890-97 he gave two courses of lectures at Edinburgh on the Gifford Founda- tion, published as The Elements of the Science of Religion (1897-99). and also in Holland and Germany. He also wrote the article "Religion" in the Encyclopccdia Britaunicn, 9th ed. His Bahylonisch-assyrische Gesehichte (Ootha. 1886- 88) has but one rival in its extensive scope. Con- sult notices by Jastrow in The Opcit Court, vol. xiv. : The Independent, vol. liv. ; and The Study of Religion (New York, 1902). TIENEN, te'nen. A town of Belgium. See TlRLEMONT. TIEN-TSIKT, tyen'tsin'; properly T'lEN- TSIN (Heaven's Ford). A city and treaty port of the Province of Chih-li, China, situ- ated on the eastern edge of the Great Plain, in latitude 39° 10' N., longitude 117° 48' E., on the right bank of the Pci-ho (Map: China, E 4). It is at the jimction of the Pei-ho with the Grand Canal, which, prior to the silting of the canal, afforded easy inland conununication with many of the great cities of the country an<l bore to Tien-tsin the great fleets of junks engaged in the transportation from the south of the 'tribute-rice' for the provisioning of Peking. It is 70 miles by w'ater from the sea, and about 70 southeast of Peking. It is in rail communication with Peking, the Kai-ping coal mines, Slum- hai-kwan, and Manchuria, and with Pao-ting-fu, and thence southward through Ching-ting with Hankow. The city, which was only a wei or military station until 1782, is comparatively small. Its walls of brick and stone are 30 feet high, nearly four miles in circuit, and pierced with four gates surmounted with towers. The houses are generally of brick or pressed mud, and only one story high. Like those of most Chinese cities, the streets are filthy and ill-kept. The suburbs are very large, and in them is car- ried on most of the trade. The population is 1,000,000. In 1860 Tientsin was opened by treaty to foreign residence and trade. The For- eign Settlement — known as Tsu-chu-lin, or 'Red- Bamboo Grove' — is also situated on the right bank of the river and about 1% miles below the city, but within the line of circumvallation known as 'San-ko-linsin's Folly.' It is laid out in foreign style, has a jetty or pier and a fine bund or esplanade along the river bank, good, well-kept streets, fine dwellings and warehouses, gas, electric lights, and many good public build- ings, such as the custom house and the town hall, known as Gordon Hall. There are schools, hospitals, club houses, and the naval school estab- lished by Li Hung Chang, and within a short distance are two well-equipped arsenals. The government of the settlement is vested in a municipal council elected by and composed of the land-renters. Tien-tsin has no factories. Its principal manu- factures are straw braid and sam-shu, and cured skins and tobacco. There is an immense trade in salt. In 1901 the total value of the trade of the port, as shown bv the Imperial Maritime Customs Re- ports, was $38,370,000, of which .$20,4.50,000 rep- resented direct foreign imports. The principal imports are woolens, drills, sheetings, shirt- ings, jeans, twills, seaweed, sugar, rice, grain, kerosene oil, tea, opium, steel, and salt (the last is a Government monopoly). The articles of export are sam-shu, straw braid, furs, goat- skins, camels' wool, coal, wood, tobacco, fruit, and rhubarb. Nearly all the tea consumed in Asiatic Russia is sliipped from the south to Tien-tsin, from which point it goes overland by caravans to Kalgan. and thence to Siberian ports. In 1853 Tien-tsin was besieged by a strong force of Taiping rebels on their way to Peking, but they were defeated by the Mongol general San-ko- lin-sin and driven off. In 1860 it was taken by the Anglo-French pimitive expedition on its way to Peking. Wliile Li Hung Chang was ■V^iceroy of Chih-li, from 1870 to 1895, he made
