TIME. 291 TIMES. In the case of railroads this matter of time ditferences has caused espoeially confusing com- plications. It was formerly customary for a road to use throughout large sections of its ter- ritory the local time of one of the principal cities through which it passed. The result was that when two railroads met in some smaller town, it happened not infrequently that they we're running under widely dillerent time systems. As many as five dill'erent kinds of time have been thus simultaneously in use in a single town. It was the need of an international standard of time that led to the Prime ileridian Confer- ence (q.v. ) at Washington, 1882. This recom- mended the use of the Greenwich civil time, reckoned from zero up to 24 hours. In accord- ance with this resolution, and to remedy the difficulty mentioned above, the United States and Canada selected a series of standard meridians, differing in longitude from that of Greenwich, Kngland, by exact multiples of 15°. October 18, 1883, a convention was called by W. F. Allen, Secretary of the General Railway Time Con- vention, which decided on the introduction of standard time to take effect November 18, 1883, and on that day the change was made without any difficulty. Now 15° of longitude corresponds exactly to one hour of time difference, and therefore the local times of the several standard meridians differ from Greenwich by an even number of hours without fractional minutes and seconds. In the United States the standard time merid- ians are those whose longitudes are west of Greenwich 60°, 75°, 90°, 105°, and 120°. The times of these meridians are respectively 4 hours, 5 hours, 6 hours, 7 hours, and 8 hours earlier than Greenwich time, because the sun, in travel- ing across the sky from east to west, passes the Greenwich meridian before it reaches the Ameri- can meridians. The time of the GOth meridian is called Colonial, that of the 75th meridian Eastern, that of the 90th Central, that of the 105th Mountain, and that of the 120th Pacific time. The limiting lines of the time-zones have been so drawn arbitrarily that they never divide any town. Where such a division is theoreticallj' unavoidable, the dividing line for actual use is drawn on the map with a crook in it, so as to put the whole town on one side of the line. Table of the World's Time Staxdahds COUNTKIES Beljrium Hollaud Spain Germany Ital.v Denmark Switzerland Sweden Anytria (railways) Cape Colony Oranpe River Colony Transvaal Natal Tnrlie.y (railways) Esypt West .Australia .Japan Sonth Australia Victoria New Soutli Wales Queensland New Zealand Hra. fast of Greenwich Time
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.30 1.30 1.30 2.00 2.00 2.00 8.00 9.00 9.30 10.00 10.00 10.00 11.00 Time of Adoption May, 1892 May. 1892 Januar.v. 1901 April, 1893 N(->veraber, 1893 January, 1894 .rune, 1894 January, 1895 1893 1892 1892 September, 1695 October, 1900 February, 1895 1896 May, 1899 February. 1895 February, 1895 February, 1895 February, 1895 Tile resolutions of the Washington Conference were not so favorabl.y received on the Continent. The introduction of the time of the 15tb merid- ian east of Greenwich for the .ustrian railways was proposed by Schram in 1886. In 188!) the matter was brought before the German Railway Union and the German Reichstag. Belgium and Holland were, however, the first Continental nations to adopt standard time, and other coun- tries followed rapidly, as shown in the preced- ing table. BiBLiOGRAPiiT. Jacoby, Talks by an Asirono^ mcr (New York, 1902) ; Schram, '"The Actual State of the Standard Time (Question," in 06- servatory, vol. iii. (London, 1890). See Day ; Month ; Year ; International Date Line; Horology; Clock. TIM'ELI'ID.ffi (Neo-Lat. nom. pi., from Titncliu. from the East Indian name). An as- semblage of passerine birds resembling thrushes in a general way, which has been formed as a sort of 'catch-air to contain many genera difficult of definite assignment elsewhere. All are birds of the Old World, and most of them belong to the A TIMELIINE TYPE. The slaty-beaded babbling thrush (Pomatorbinus schis* ticeps) of the Himalaya Moxintains. Oriental and Ethiopian regions, and are denizens of woods, jungles, and rough mountains. The most distinctive timeliines, perhaps, are the 'bab- bling-thrushes' of the genera Timelia, Pomato- rbinus, Orthony.x, and their allies, and the 'hill- robins' of the genus Liothrix. TIMES, The. A famous daily newspaper of London, Englaml. Its publication really began January 18, 1785, with the first number of The London Daily Universal Register, the present name being first applied to the issue of .January 1, 1788, by its founder, John Walter (1735-1812). The paper has ever since been managed and con- trolled by the descendants of the first .Tohn Walter, his successors being .John Walter (1776- 1847), .John Walter (1818-94), and Arthur Fraser Walter (1846—). Under their skillful management, with the assistance of some of the ablest journalists the world has known. The Times has achieved a reputation for unequaled journalistic enterprise and unusual political in- fluence. It has also been a pioneer in the adoption
