TIMOLEON. 293 TIMORLAUT. cuse. The force commaiKled by Timoleon was small, but he succefded in a short time in driv- ing botli of tlie would-be tyrants from the city. After repcoi)linj; the almost desolate city by re- calling the exiles, and inviting new colonists from Greece. Italy, and Sicily, he spent the next two years in enacting laws and organizing a constitu- tion, which he jiut on a completely democratic footing. The Carthaginians, alarmed at the re- viving power of S,vracuse, and the prospect of union among the Sicilian Greeks, now sent an army of 80.000 men under Hasdrubal and Hamil- car to subdue the whole island. Timoleon. with only 12.000 men, encountered them (b.c. 339) on the Crimissus, and gained one of the greatest victories ever won by Greeks over barbarians. He now proceeded to free the other Greek cities from the rule of the t.vrants. and made a treat.y with the Carthaginians, whereb.v the Halycus Kiver was fixed as the boundarv between the Greek and Carthaginian dominions in Sicily. Hicctas was driven from Leontini. and Mamcrcus from Catena, and free constitutions were con- ferred upon all the Greek cities in Sicily. After his great work was accomplished Timoleon lived as a private citizen at Syracuse, respected and honored, until his death. He died in B.C. 337, having been blind for a considerable time pre- viously, and was buried in. the market-place of S.vracuse, where a gymnasium, called the Timo- leonteum. was afterwards erected over his tomb. Consult Plutarch's Life of Timoleon, the stand- ard histories of Greece, and Freeman's History of Sicily (1891-94). TI'MON (Lat.. from Gk. Tt/iav). Called The Mi,s.xthrope. A native of Athens, who lived at the time of the Pcloponnesian War. The little that is known concerning him is learned chiefl,v from Aristophanes and the other comic poets of the period, and from Lucian. who made him the subject of one of his best-known dia- logues. Disgusted with mankind, on account of the ingratitude of his earl.v friends and com- panions, he lived a life of almost total seclusion from society, the onlv visitor whom he would receive being Alcihiades. Numerous stories were current in antiqi;ity regarding his eccentricities, one of which is that he died because he would not allow a surgeon to visit hiiii to set a limb. His grave, which was on the seashore, is said to have been planted with thorns, and to have lieen rendered inaccessible bv the sea, which formed it into a small island. Shakespeare's Timon of Athens has as its ultimate source Lucian's dia- ln;:nc. TIMON OF ATHENS. A tragedy produced in l(i07 or 1608. printed in 1623, of which Shake- speare wrote onl.v the chief scenes, and which another, possiblv Wilkins. finished : or perhap.s Shakespeare's remodeling of an old play. The sources are the stor.v of Timon told in the Life of Antony in North's Plutarch and in Painter's Pnlace of Pleasure, and used by Boiardo in his comedy II Tiinone. TIMON OF PHLI'US. A Greek poet and skeptic, who lived at Athens about B.C. 27.5. He wrote numerous works in both prose and verse. The most celebrated of his poems were the three books of aiWoi. in which, in the form of a parody of Komer's e|)ic poetry, he ridicules the tenets of all dogmatic philosophers, living or dead, from the skeptic's point of view. Like the classic satire of Kome, they were written in hexameter verse and, accoriling to the testimony of the ancients (Diog. Laert. ix. 12, 109-115; Euseb. Praejj. Ev. xiv. p. 701), were excellent jiruduc- tions of their kind. The' fragments are pulilished in Wiilke, De (tracoriim .Syllis (Warsaw, 1820) ; Paul, Diss^'rlalio de tiillis (Berlin, 1821); and W'achsmulh, Uc Tiinone Phliasio Ceterisijue Sil- lugr(ii)his Orweis (Leipzig, 188.5). TIMOR, te-mor'. The largest and most south- eastern of the Lesser Sunda Islands, situated 330 miles southeast of Celebes and 700 miles cast of Java, between which and Timor the main chain of Lesser Sunda Islands intervenes (Map: Aus- tralasia. E 3). It lias an extreme length from northeast to southwest of about 280 miles, with an average breadth of 55 miles, and an area es- timated at 12.395 square miles. The coasts are for the most part steep, lined with coral reefs, and difficult of approach. The interior is not well known. It is traversed by a forest-covered mountain range, and the geological formation seems to be a core of slate, diorite, and serpentine Hanked by beds of carboniferous limestone, Trias- sic sandstone, and some Tertiarv formations. The mineral wealtli is considerable, but unexploited. The climate is hot and unlicalthful on the coast, and the rainfall is very slight, especially in the south. The flora and fauna are less varied than in the other East Indian islands, and the island forms a transition region between these and Australia. The resources of the island are not developed : agrtculture is primitive, and the ex- ports are few and small in quantity, cofi'ee, wax, and a little sandalwood being the chief staples. Politicall.v the island is divided nearly equally between Hollau'l ami Portugal., the latter possess- ing the northeastern half, with the seat of gov- ernnu'nt at the small town of Deli. The Dutch portion forms the principal member of the Resi- dency of Timor, which includes also the islands of Rotti, Savu, and Sumba. Eastern Flores, and the Solar and Allor groups. The capital of the residenc.v is Kupang, a town of about 7000 in- habitants at the southern extremitv of the island. Tlie inhabitants are mainlv Papuans with .some intermixture of JIalays and Chinese. Their num- ber is vaguely estimated at 400.000. The num- ber of Europeans in the entire Dutch residency was onlv 256 in 1895. Consult: Bastian, Indone- sien (Berlin, 1885) ; Forbes, A Naturalist's Wan- derings in the Eastei'n Archipelago (London, 1885) : Wichmann, Sammlungen des Oeologischen Reichmnsdim (Le.vden, 1881-84). TIMORLAUT, te-mor'lout, or Tenimber. A group of islands in the East Indian Archipelago, belonging to the Dutch Presidency of Amboyna, and situated between the Banda and Arafura seas, 240 miles southeast of the island of Ceram in the Moluccas, and about midway between New Guinea and the Lesser Sunda Islands (Map: Australasia, F 3). It consists of the large islands of Yamdena (1132 square miles), Larat, and Selaru. and a number of smaller islands, with a total area of about 2060 square miles. The large islands are hilly and forested, rising to a height of about 1000 feet, wliile the others are low and flat, and of e(n-al formation. The inhabitants, a mixture of Malavs and Ne,gritos, are engaged in primitive agriculture, cattle-
