TIMOTHY and TITUS. 2i»6 TIMPERLEY. teacliing and developing a liaidness of character. (2) The second is described in II. Tim. iii. 1-5 as wholly demoralized in character and yet as nominally within the Church. (3) The third is described in U. Tim. iv. 3, 4 as not enduring wholesome teaching and consequently as turn- ing definitel.y away from the truth to legends. Evidently these teachers, whctlier present or future w'ithin the Church or separated from it, are no reproductions of the errorists described in any of the accepted Xcw Testament writings. Inasmuch, however, as the instructions to Tim- othy and Titus are gatliered largely around these two points of organization and false teaching, it is evident that should the development of the errors of the Church life show itself to be be- yond what was possible in the Apostolic age, these letters which portray them — or at least those portions of the letters which contain their description — nuist themselves come vnider strong suspicion of being by a later hand than Paul's. At the same time it is generally recognized that, in proportion as the Church organization is seen to involve on tlie part of Timothy and Titus a representative and not an independent position, exercised over a large region of country, necessitating a more or less itinerant mission work, and tliis only for a temporary and not a permanent period, it shows an early ratlier than a later stage of Church life, which is confirmed by the fact that this organization involves in the instruction given to the officers qualifications in the line of moral rather than functional re- quirements and in the offices themselves the un- developed presbyterial rather than the developed monarchical form, while the teaching fiuiction is carried on in this parish fashion rather than in any strictly official way. Further, in proportion as the teaching shows an immatured and un- schismatic form and is characterized by ele- ments which are distinctively .Tewish. it docs not belong to the later full-fledged system of the Gnostics. The period of Church life and thought which these Kpistles portray may be thus not only within the Apostolic age, but even w'ithin the period of Paul's possible lifetime, in spite of the fact that it lies beyond what is specifical- ly disclosed to us in the New Testament writ- ings. Just how early this period may be, and whether or not it is within Paul's life, is the present problem before the critical investigation of these documents. It is clear, however, that should the results reached by a fair-minded study of the problem favor a possible origin from Paul, these writings would themselves stand as records of a later period of activity on the Apostle's part tlian that narrated in the Book of Acts and his acknowledged Epistles, and thus be indicative of a release from his first im- prisonment and of a second imprisonment at Rome. In any case it is apparent that the bear- ing of the external evidence for or against a second imprisonment, as well as in favor of or op- posed to the genuineness of the Epistles them- selves, must be in the direction of a positive or negative support of the results obtained rather than in the direction of determining the results to be obtained. BiBLiOGEAPHY. Commentayies : Soden. in Band-Commentar zum Tieuen Testament (Frei- burg, I89I) ; Liddon, Explanatory Analysis of First Timothy (London, 1897) ; Stellhorn (Giiter- sloh, 189i1) ; Weiss, in ilcyer-Komincntar iiber das Xeiie Testament ( GiJttingen, 11102). la- iroductions: Weiss (Eng. trans., Edinburgh, 1888), Iloltzmann (Freiburg, 1892), Godet (Eng. trans., Edinburgh, 1894), Salmon (London. 1894), Zahn (Leipzig, 1900), Bacon (Xew York. 1900), iloft'att. The Historical Xew Testament (ib, 1901), Julicher (Leipzig, 1901). Discussions: Bauer, Die sogenntnilcn Fa&toral- bricfe des Apostels Pauliis (Stuttgart, 1835); Holtzmann, Die Pastoralbriefe (Leipzig, 1880) ; Liglitfoot, in Biblical Essays (London, 1893) ; Clemen, Die Einheitlichkeit der I'aulinischcn Brief e (Gottingen, 1894): Mc- Gifi'ert, The History of Christianity in the Apostolic Age (New York, 1896): Harnack, Gcschichle der altchristlichen Litteratur (Leip- zig, 1897) ; Stcinmctz, Die zweite rbmische fle- fangen-scliaft des Apostels Pauliis (ib., 1897); Hort, The Christian Ecclesia (London, 1898); Falconer, From Apostle to Priest (Edin- burgh, 1900) ; Frey, Die zweite riimische Ccfangenschaft und das Todesjahr des Ajiostels Paultis (Leipzig, 1900) ; Bowen, The Dates of the Pastoral Letters (London. 1900); Harnack, Die Au.sbreitiing des Christenttims (Eng. trans., London, 1903); Dobschiitz, Die nrchristli- eheti Gemeinden (Eng, trans., ib., 1903) : Wernle, Die Anfange iinserer Religion (Eng. trans., ib., 1903): Spitta. Zur Gcschichte und Litteratur des Urehristcntums (Gottingen, 1893-1901). TIMOTHY GBASS (so called from Timothy Hanson, ho introduced the seed into the Caro- linas about 1720), Phleum pratense. The only grass of its genus that is valued for hay and pasturage. It is the herd's grass of New Eng- land and New Y'ork, and along with the other species of the genus, is in England often called cat's-tail grass. It is distinguished by a long cylindrical panicle so compact as to resemble a close spike, strong culms, attaining a height of 4 to 5 feet, but tender and nutritious, and much relished by cattle. It is perennial, but springs up rapidly, even in the year in which it is sown. The seed is very small. It varies in size according to soil and situation. lu i!ie United States timothy hay is considered one of the most 'aluable hays made wholly from grass and is conunonly used as the standard with which to compare other hays. ( For its feeding value, see Grasses; H.^y.) Timothy nuiy be sown alone, or, as is more commonly the prac- tice, in a mixture with clover, generally with red clover. It succeeds best on moist, rich soils. L'ljon dry soils it is often bulbous at base, and this form, which is due to the con- ditions of growth, was once described as a dis- tinct species (Phleum nodosum) . See Plate of Grasses. TIM'PERLEY, Charles H. (1794-C.1S46). An English printer and author, born in Jlan- chester. and educated at the free granmiar school there. He served in the Napoleonic wars and was wounded at Waterloo. Returning to England, he worked mider an engraver and cop- per-plate printer, and in 1821 he became a letter- press printer. Late in life he settled in Lon- don, where he died. His valuable publications connected with printing comprise The Printer's Manual (1838); A Dictionary of Printers and Printing (1839) ; and Songs of the Press, origi-
