TIMUE. 298 TIN. . defeat the Turks led by Bajazet I. (q.v.). The hammered out to thin foil, and at 100° C. (212° two hosts met at Angora on July 20, 1402, and F. ) may be drawn into wire, which, however, pos- after a long and obstinate contest the Turks were sesses but little tenacity. Tin has a fibrous totally routed and Bajazet captured. The con- structure, and when bent emits a peculiar crack- quest of the whole of Asia Jlinor speedily fol- ling sound, caused by the friction of the crystal- lowed. The Byzantine Emperor did homage line particles. It finds extensive use in the to the victor, as did also the Turkish ruler of manufacture of tin plate (see below), in the Thrace, and the Knights of Saint John were ex- preparation of vessels for household and techni- pelled from Smyrna. On his return Timur con- cal purposes, for the manufacture of tin-foil, for quered Georgia, where he passed the winter, and, tinning copper and iron, and in the manufacture i-esuming his march in the following year by of alloys, including amalgam for silvering niir- way of Jlerv and Balkh, he reached Samarkand rors, bell metal, bronze, gun metal, ]iewter, type in 1404. Here he resumed preparations for his metal, etc. It combines with oxygen to form two long projected invasion of China, and was march- oxides, of which the stannous oxide, or mouoxide, ing along the Sihun when he was attacked is an olive brown powder that is obtained when by ague, and died after a week's illness, Febru- stannous oxalate is heated out of contact with ary 17, 1405. air, and combines with basic radicles to form Timur did much to promote the arts and sci- stannatcs, of which the sodium stannate is used ences throughout his dominions, and, despite his in calico dyeing and printing. The stannic oxide, cruelty in war. was an able, politic, and kindly or dioxide, which is found native as cassiterite, ruler in time of peace, although the speedy dis- is obtained as a white powder when tin is heated solution of his empire deprived his labors of until it burns in the air. It finds some use, any permanent utility. Two works are attribut- under the name of 'putty powder,' for polishing ed' to him, entitled Malfi'izat, or Annals, trans- plate glass, and also for imparting a white color lated by Stewart (London, 1830), and tuku3ut, to glass and enamels. Stannous chloride, SnClj, or Ordinances, translated by Davy-^Yhite (0.x- and stannic chloride, SnCl,, are both used as ford, 1783) and Langles (Paris, 1787). Their mordants in dyeing and calico printing under authenticity is neither proved nor disproved. In the name of 'tin salts' or 'tin crystals,' and are literature Timur is best known through Marlowe's readily prepared by dissolving the metal in (q.v.) drama Tamburlaine the Great. Consult: hydrochloric acid. Stannic sulphide, which is Sharaf ud-din All Yazdi. Zafarnamah, translated prepared by heating tin with mercury, sulphur, by Petis de la Croix, Hisioire de Timur-Bec, con- and ammonium chloride, is known commercially nil siir le nom du grand Tamcrlan (Paris, 1722) ; as 'mosaic gold,' and was formerly used for gild- Manger. ^'ita Tiniuri, a translation of the Arabic ing, imitating bronze, etc. The beautiful purple- biography by Ibn Arabshah (Leovardae, 1767- colored precipitate obtained by the reaction of 72); Horn, "Geschichte Irans in islamitischer gold chloride on stannous salts has been described Zeit," in Geiger and Kuhn, Orundriss der ira- under Cassius, Purple of (q.v.). nischeii Philologie, vol. ii. (Strassburg, 1900). Occubrekce and PEODrcTioi^. Tin ore or cas- ♦ TIN (AS. tin, OHG. zin, Ger. Ziiin. tin; con- siterite has been found in many localities in dif- neeted with Goth, tains, AS. tan. OHG. zcin, ferent parts of the world, but its occurrence from twig, thin leaf of metal). A metallic element a commercial standpoint is quite limited. Its known since ancient times. Implements formed sources are veins in the older rocks, particularly of an alloy of tin and copper have been found a variety of granite called grcisen. and alluvial among ancient Assyrian remains, and the tin deposits, the latter being formed by the erosion of cmplo'ed in the manufacture of such bronze rocks carrying the veins. The ores obtained from was obtained by the Phffnicians from the islands veins are commonly known as lode-tin. w^hile called Cassiterides. somewhere off the west coast those found in stream deposits are known various- of Europe. It is known definitely that after ly as black tin, tin sand, stream tin. and barilla. the conquest of Britain by the Romans tin The principal supplies of ore are obtained from was carried from the Cornish mines through the East Indies, in the islands of Banca. Bill iton, Gaul, by way of Marseilles, to Italy, and Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula, Australia, Pliny d'i.stingu'ished tin as plumbum al- Bolivia, and Cornwall, England. Most of the hum or candidum from plumbum nigrum (lead), ore from the East Indies and Malay Peninsula and about the fourth century the name of stan- is obtained by washing alluvial gravels. There num was given to tin. Thealcheniists called it are also mines in Saxony, Bohemia, Russia, Jupiter, and sometimes diabolus metallonwi, Spain, Portugal, and Japan, but the aggregate owing to its property of forming brittle alloys, output of these countries is insignificant. The Native tin is said to have been'found in small occurrence of tin in California, Texas, South crystalline grains with corundum, gold, and Dakota, and North Carolina has been known for platinum in superficial deposits in New South a long time, but so far it has not been mined Wales, and it has been reported elsewhere, but it anywhere on a commercial scale. A discovery is extremely doubtful whether the metal occurs of ore in the York district of Alaska has been native. The principal ore is the dioxide, cassit- the cause of active exploration in that region, erite, sometimes called 'tinstone;' tin is also and there is some prospect that it may lead to found as the sulphide, with copper and zinc, the successful inauguration of tin-mining within the mineral being known as stannite or tin the territory of the United States. pyrites. Smaller quantities of tin are also con- The world's production of tin in 1901 as re- tained in certain other minerals. ported by The Mineral Industry was as follows: Tin (symbol, Sn, stannum; atomic weight, m t • t 119.05) is a silver-white, lustrous metal that ^ "'Iq°°° has a specific gravity of about 7.3, and melts at n^m-alind Biittton:::::::::::::;::::::::::::::::::::v.'.v.v.i9,366 235° C. (455° F.). It can be easily rolled or Bolivia U.932
