TINTORETTO. 303 TIPPECANOE. Titian's, but he soon developed a highly indi- vidual style, the keynotes of which are natural- ism and simplicity. Eliminating all incident, even gesture, the great painter of motion pro- duced likenesses in the highest sense typical. With incredible rapidity he painted tl-.e doges and the nobility of Venice, who were his sitters. Of these portraits over one hundred survive, to say nothing of the important examples which we know were lost, but many of which were prob- ably executed by his son, Domenico. Among the best examples are his own likeness in the Louvre and in the Uflizi ; Vincenzo ilorosini, Paolo Paruto, Tomaso Contarini, and Niccolo Priuli, in the Ducal Palace; the doges Trevisan and Priuli, Jaeopo Soranzo, Andrea Dandolo and Antonio Capello, in the Academy of Vienna; the Doge Niccolo da Ponte Sebastiano Venier, the hero of Lepanto, a "Young General," and a num- ber of admirable unlijiown portraits, in the Vienna Gallery. The adverse opinion of some critics iipon Tin- toretto's works is due to the efl'ect of time upon them. He used a dark ground and applied the colors but lightly, with the result that they are greatly darkened. His marvelous rapidity of execution often impelled him to do work which was sketchy, sometimes even negligent ; but in his best work he shows himself one of the greatest painters of all times. His was, in a way, the culmination of Pvenaissance painting, and he united in himself more than did any other man all of its different tendencies, Tintoretto ex- tended the plastic character to the entire com- position, and Titian's color harmony of flat sur- faces became with him a light symphony of the whole painting. By his mastery of light and shadow he was enabled to put a world of poetry and sentiment in his pictures, without, however, degenerating into illustration. He possessed a fertility of imagination unexcelled in the history of painting. His most startling innovations, how- ever, were in composition; for the problem is far more difficult in Tintoretto's plastic work than in the relief-like productions of other masters. Sometimes he separated foreground and back- ground, using the action in the latter to concen- trate attention on the principal action in the foreground. In dramatic power he is the ■worthy compeer of Michelangelo, his impetuous energy having gained him the title 'II Furioso,' and like him he indicated emotion by the action of the body. Excepting a year's stay at ]Mantua, Tintoretto passed all of his life at Venice, Before 1560 he married Faustina dei Vescovi, who seemed to have her share of worry in taking care of her spouse, who Avas impracticable in money matters. Of his eight children, Marietta, the eldest, a gifted artist and his favorite child, met with an early death in 1.500, whence the beautiful tradi- tion of the old painter painting his dead daughter. He did not long survive her, and died at Venice, May 31, 1.594. His son and assistant Domenico painted many works in superficial im- itation of his father. Bibliography. The chief literary source for Tintoretto's life is Ridolfi, Meraviglie dell' arte (Venice, 1648). The first among modern writ- ers to establish his fame was Euskin in Stones of Venice and other works. Janitscheck's biog- raphy, in Dohme, Kunst und KUnstler Ilaliciis (Leipzig, 187G), is a scholarly work, but not strong from the artistic side ; see also Osier, in the Great Artists Series (London, 1870). Brief but more critical are Berenson, Venetian Painters (New York, 1894), and Pratesis in Niiova Antologia (1890), The latest works are those of Stearn (New ork, 1894) and Thode (Bielefeld, 1901), the latter the best that has yet appeared, TIN WEDDING. See Wedding Anniver- saries. TINY TIM. In Dickens's Christmas Carol, a cripple, the little son of Bob Cratchit. TIPPECANOE, tip'pe-ka-noo'. A popular nickname of General William Henry Harrison, due to his victory over the Indians at the Tippe- canoe River in 1811. TIPPECANOE, Battle of. An engagement fought on Novemljer 7, 1811, near the site of the present village of Battle Ground, on the Tippe- canoe River, in Tippecanoe County, Ind., be- tween an American force of about 800, including 500 Indiana and Kentucky militiamen, under William Henry Harrison, then Governor of In- diana Territory, and an Indian force, estimated by Harrison at about 0000, but probably much smaller, luider the actual command of White Loon, Stone Eater, and Winnemac, About 1808 Tecumseh and the Prophet, his brother, estab- lished a village on the Ti])peeanoe River, and with this as their headquarters endeavored to bring all the Indian tribes of the West and Southwest into a confederation which should decide, in any given case, upon the alienation of Indian lands. Much discontent was caused among the followers of Tecumseh and the Prophet by the Indian land cessions of 1809, and the danger of an Indian outbreak became daily more imminent. On October 11, 1811, while Har- rison was building a stockade on the site of Terre Haute, one of his sentinels was killed from ambush, and Harrison, considering this the be- ginning of hostilities, soon afterwards marched against the town on the Tippecanoe, where the Prophet was supposed to be inciting the Indians to attack the whites. On the night of November 6th he encamped within about a mile of the tomi, and posted his troops in the form of an irregular parallelogram, having previously ar- ranged with the Prophet for a conference on the following day. Before dawn on the 7th the In- dians attacked the camp with great ferocity and bravery, but after more than two hours of stub- born fighting were driven from the field. On the following day Harrison advanced to the town, found it deserted, and almost completely destroyed it. He then returned to Vincennes. The loss of the whites in the battle in killed and wounded was about 190; that of the Indians, though undoubtedly large, is not definitely known. At the time of the battle Tecumseh was in the South endeavoring to persuade the Creeks, Choctaws, and Cherokees to join his projected confederation. The battle rendered virtually im- possible the realization of Teeumseh's plans, weakened and almost destroyed the prestige of the Prophet, hastened the general outbreak of hostilities by the Indians against the Americans in the Northwest, and greatly enhanced the reputation of General Harrison, who later, partly on the strength of this success, was placed
