TIRYNS. 306 TISSERAND. E. Sellers (London, 1891); Perrot and Chipiez, Histoire de I'urt dans I'antiquite, vol. vi. (Paris, 1894). TISCHBEIN, tish'bin. A German family of artists who lived in Hesse during the eighteenth century. Johann Heinrich, the Elder (1722-89), a painter, born at Haina, was first a pupil of the Court painter Freese, in Cassel, and then studied under Van Loo, Boucher, and Watteau at Paris. In 1748 he entered the studio of Piaz- zetta in Venice. Returning to Cassel in 1751, he became Court painter to the Landgrave and director of the New Academy ( 1776) . His histori- cal pictures and portraits were weak, but there were few better among the best works of the time in Germanjf. Examples are: "Lessing" (c.l7t)0, Berlin), "Count Waldner von Freundstein" (1701, Versailles), "Angustu.s and Cleopatra" {lie,'.), Cassel), and "Belisarius" (1786, Olden- burg). — JOHANN FRIEDRICH AUGUST (1750- 1812), also a painter, nephew of the jireceding, was born in !Maestricht. He studied with his uncle and in Paris and Italy. Afterwards he be- came Court painter in Waldeck and then director of the Leipzig Academy (1800). His canvases include nine portraits of princes and princesses of Orange-Xassau (Amsterdam), and a portrait of Schiller ( 1804 ; Leipzig) . — Johann Heinrich WlLiiELJt, the Elder (1751-1829), a painter and etcher, also known as "the Neapolitan," cousin of the preceding, the most celebrated of the family, was born at Haina. He studied with his uncle, Johann Heinrich, and in Hamburg, Bremen, antl Holland. Through the aid of Goethe he went to Italy, and accompanied the poet to Naples in 1787. There he was patronized by Sir William Hamilton and served as director of the Academy (1789-99). In 1809 he was made Court painter to the Duke of Oldenburg. At Eutin he painted the 43 "Idyls" (Oldenburg) which Goethe cele- brated in verse. Among his paintings are a por- trait of Goethe (Frankfort) ; "Conradinof Swabia Hearing His Sentence" ( 1784) ; "An Italian Land- scape" (1819, Oldenburg) ; and a portrait of himself (Hanover). Tischbein issued about 150 etchings and engravings in connection with vari- ous publications. Consult Jlichel, Etude bio- gruphiijue sur Ics Tischbeins (Lyons, I88I). TISCHENDORF, tish'en-dorf, Kox.staxtin VON (1815-74). One of the most eminent biblical scholars of the nineteenth century, born at Lengenfeld, Saxony. He was educated at the Gymnasium of Plauen and at the University of Leipzig. In 1840, now a privat-docent at Leipzig, he published his Greek Testament (dated 1841), and then went to Paris, where for over two years he labored in- cessantly among the manuscript treasures of the National Library. In 1842 the publication of the fireek text of the palimpsest Codex Ephraemi, followed soon after by his edition of the Codex Claromontanus, marked him as a textual scholar of the first rank. Though he became a professor of theology at Leipzig, the greater part of his time was spent in jovirneys in search of biblical manuscripts or in the work of editing and pub- lishing the same. The great triumph of his life was the discovery (in 1859) in the library of the mona.stery of Saint Catharine, at Mount Sinai, of the second oldest manuscript of the Greek Old and New Testaments known, the fine uncial Codex Sinaiticus. A sumptuous edition of the whole manuscript in four large folio volumes was pub- lislied in 1862 at the expense of the Emperor of Russia. The crowning work of Tisuliendorf's life was his eighth edition of the Greek Testament with its large critical apparatus, the indispensa- ble vade mecum of every student of the text of the New Testament. Tischendorf's numerous publications may Ije found, with a sketch of his career, in the Prolegomena to the eighth edition liy Dr. C. R. Gregory. TISHRI, tish're. A month in the Babylo- nian, Persian, and Jewish calendars correspond- ing to the Seleucid H i/pcrboretaios:, September- October. The Babylonian name tish^ri-tiim is re- garded as derived from shurru. to begin, to dedi- cate, the civil year having begim in the autumn with this month, while the ecclesiastical year seems to have begun in the spring with the month of Nisan. Tishri is not mentioned in the Bible, but the name is found in the Mishna treatise, Shelcalim, iii. I, and probably in .Josephvis, An- tiquities, viii. 4, 1. The Jewish civil year begins with the month of Tishri. TISIO, te'ze-6, Benvenuto. The correct name of the Italian painter called Benvenuto Tisio da Garofalo (q.v. ). TISSAPHERNES, tis'sa-fer'nez (Lat., from Gk. 1i<T(ra.4>ipv7i!, fiom OPers. *Cithrafarnu, pos- sessed of manifold glory) (?-B.c. 395). A Persian, appointed satrap of the coast-lands of Asia Jlinor by Darius II. in B.C. 414. He played a part by intrigue and arms in the Peloponnesian War. He became the jealous rival of Cyrus the Younger on the latter's arrival in Asia Minor in B.C. 407, and when it became manifest that Cyrus was ])!otting against his brother, King Artaxerxes II., and aiming at the throne, Tissaphernes was the first to inform tlie King of the impending danger. He held a command in the Persian iirmy and dis- tinguislied himself at the battle of Cunaxa. After the death of Cyrus he entrapped the generals of the Greek mercenaries of the Prince. He then succeeded to the provinces that had been held by Cyrus, but was unsuccessful in an attempt to es- tablish his authority over Ionia. Finally, through the influence of Parysatis, the King's mother, Tissaphernes was put to death at ColossiC, in Phrygia, in B.C. 395. TISSERAND, tls'r-iN', Francois F£ltx ( 1845- 96). A French astronomer, born at Nuits-Saint- Georges, Cote-d'Or. In 1863 he entered the Ecole Normale Superieure. In IS06 he became pro- fessor in the lycee at Metz, where he only re- mained one month, being called by Leverrier to the Paris Observatory as adjtinct astronomer. He received his doctor's degree in 1808, presenting a very remarkable thesis on the method of Delaunay, which he showed to be applicable to the calculation of the ineqtialities of all the planets and thus of a wider application than had been supposed by the inventor. In 1873 he became director of the observatory at Toulouse and professor of astronomy in the Factilty of Sciences in the university. In 1878 he succeeded Leverrier as member of the Academy of Sciences and became member of the Bureau des Longi- tudes. In the same year he was appointed pro- fessor of rational mechanics at the Sorbonne, which he later exchanged for the chair of celestial
