TITANOSAURUS. 308 TITE. characteristics of the genus were similar to those of its near relatives Brontosaurus and Diplo- docus (qij.v.). TI TANOTHE'RIUM (XeoLat., from Gk. Tirdp, Titan + B^qplov, tJwrion, diminutive of eiip, ther, wild beast). The type genus of a famil}', Titanotherida;, of ungulates, occurring in the Oligocene formations of North America, and comprising a number of species of gigantic ani- mals somewhat resembling the rhinoceros in general form. Though belonging to the perisso- dactyles, they ajipru.ximate the artiodaetyles or eveu-tned luigulatcs in certain structural points, especially of the vertebraj and limb-bones. The most striking feature of the titanotheres is a pair of bony processes resembling horn-cores, which grow upward and outward from the maxillary bones above the snout. These prominences are variable in development according to age and sex, and also differ in size and form in different spe- cies to such an extent that many generic names, such as menodiif:, bioiitotherimn, hroiilops, and litdiiops, have been bestowed upon forms which later study has shown to be only different stages EVOLUTION OF THE TITANOTBEREB. 1. Skull ot Titanotberiiim hurco. 2. cranium of Titanotberium coloradense: 3, Front view of cranium ot I'ltanotberium platyceras; i, lateral view of same. (Os- BORN.) in the evolution of the same genus. Careful com- parative study of the remains from the White River Beds of Canada, South Dakota, Colorado, and Nebraska shows that during the Oligocene period the genus increased in size, and the horns, which are mere knobs in the (presumably) earlier types, such as Titanotherium heloceras, increased greatly in length, and became flattened and wide-spreading in the later species, culmi- nating in the highly specialized Titanotherium ramosum and Titanotherium platyceras — the last survivors of their race. Of some forty spe- cific names which various writers have proposed, often on the basis of a single fragmentary skull, only a few designate sharply marked species. One of the best-known titanotheres is Titanotherium robustuni. a form with moderately developed horns, which measured nearly 14 feet in total lengtli, and eight feet in height at the shoulder. TITANS (Lat., from Gk. Tirdu. Titan, and TiTai/(s, Titnnis. connected with Lat. titio. fire- brand, and perhaps with Lith. titnngas. flint, Skt. tilha. fire, glow). The offspring in Greek myth- ology of Uranus (heaven) and Gaea (earth). Their names as given by Hesiod were : Oeeanus, Coeus, Crius, Hyperion, lapetus, Cronos, Theia, Rliea, Themis, Mnemosyne, Phcebe, and Tethys; Dione, Phorcys, and Demeter are added by some writers. As Uranus imprisoned in the earth the Cyclopes and Hekatoncheires (hundred-headed monsters), Giea in anger ijistigated the Titans to revenge. Cronos alone ventured to act. He surprised and mutilated his father and reigned in his stead. As Uranus had called down a like fate on the Titans, Cronos swallowed his children by Rliea as soon as they were born. Only Zeus es- caped, his mother giving Cronos a stone wrapped in swaddling clothes. On growing up, Zeus forced Cronos to disgorge his offspring, and then began a war, in which he was aided b.y Themis, ]lnemosyne, Styx, Prometheus, the Cyclopes and Hekatoncheires, as well as his own brothers and sisters. lapetus and Cronos arc the representa- tive Titans. After a long struggle the con- quered Titans were cast into Tartarus and guarded by the Hekatoncheires. In the Prome- theus Unbound, JCschylus represented the Titans as released and reconciled to Zeus, now firmly established as King of Heaven. The name Titan is also given to the descendants of the Ti- tans, such as Prometheus, Hecate, Helios, Selene, etc. The wliole story seems the result of an endeavor to ac- count for the obvious signs of natural convulsions so frequent in Greek lands. It is certainly not a tradition of the supplanting of an old Cronos religion by a new Zeus religion. TITCHENER, tich'ner, Edwakd Bradford (1867 — ). An American psychologist, born at Chichester, England. He was educated at Malvern School and at Brasenose College. Oxford, where he took the B. A. and M. A. degrees in due course. After studying at Leipzig, he became assistant pro- fessor of psychology in 1892, and professor in 1895 at Cornell University. There he built up the laboratory of experimental psychology to a ]ioint of almost unexcelled efficiency. He made numerous original investigations in the spheres of . .sensation, affective process, attention, and action. He wrote: An Outline of I'spcholoim ( 189G) , A Primer of Psychology { 1898) , and Ex- perimental Psychology (2 vols., 1901) ; and trans- lated Kiilpe's Outlines of Psychology and other works. Professor Titchener became the Ameri- can editor of Mind in 1894, and associate editor of the American Journal of Psychology in 1895. TIT'COMB, TiMOTiiT. A nom de plume used by 3. G. Holland. TITE, Sir William (1798-1873). An Eng- lish architect. He was born in London, where he was educated, and studied architecture under David Laing. His first work, assisting in re- building the Church of Saint Dunstan-in-the- East in the Gothic style' (1817-20), established his fame. Among his best designs was that of
