TITLES OF HONOR. 3U TITUS. knight (q.v.), chevalier, and ritter, the last three being practically equivalent terms. There are also lesser nobility titles for the chiefs of Scottish and Irish clans, and such Eastern titles as bey, etfendi, and pasha (qq.v. ), all three post- positive. The titles of lionor having peculiarly official significance are largely such ecclesias- tical, militaryj and governmental terms afe arch- bishop, general, governor, etc. Courtesy titles, distinct from true titles of honor, since their validity rests in custom rather than law, are given to the sons of the British nobility. A noble takes his highest title and is permitted to set aside an inferior title, usually his second, to be assumed by liis eldest son. The younger sons of dukes and marquises have the courtesy title lord (q.v.) prefixed to their given name or surname, and the daugliters of dukes, mar- quises, and earls prefix lady. The younger sons of earls and the sons and daughters of vis- counts and barons are called honorable. Certain forms of reference are used in respect to various titles. Majesty is attributed to em- peror and king, and to the former often Imperial JIajest}'; Imperial Highness to title of cliild of an emperor; Royal Highness to title of child of a king (in C4reat Britain also grandchild of the sovereign ) , and to grand duke and prince reign- ing; Highness, alone or variously qualified to prince ; in Great Britain, Grace to duke. Lord- ship to any other peer ( q.v. ) . See Fokjis of Address ; Precedence. TITMAESH, ]MicH.EL Angelo. The nom de plume under which Thackeray published the Yelloirplusli Papers and other works. TITMOUSE (from tit, from Icel. tittr, little bird + ME. mose, AS. muse, OHG. meisa. Get, Mcise, sort of song-bird). One of a family (Paridne) of small active birds allied to the nuthatches, and familiar in the United States as 'chickadees.' The family is widely distrib- uted and exhibits much variety in appearance and habits. Typical colors seem to be black, gray, and white, but many Old World species are distinctly marked, or suffused, with tints of blue, red, browni. or yellow, or several of these; and the Western American genus Auriparus (see Goldtit) is thus gayly colored. The females and young are closely like the males. These cheerful little birds are everywhere familiar, coming about gardens and roads, and nesting year after year in orchard trees, or some in garden bird-boxes, as well as in the forest. Their food consists mainly of insects, and they are everywhere of great service by their consumption of these, and, es- pecially in winter, of the eggs and hibernating larvae of aphids and other minute pests. Most of them make nests of soft materials in holes and cran- nies, but some. like the European penduline tit (see Plate of Pensile Xest.s of Birds in article TITMOUSE. Head of an .riznna crested tit- mouse {Lopbopbaues Wollwe- beri). NiDiFiCATlON ) , the long-tailed tits of the genus Acredula, and the 'estcrn American busli-tits (Psaltrijjarus), weave bag-shaped pouches of hempen materials, or of moss or grass, suspended beneath a tree branch. The breeding habits of the wliole group are interesting. Their notes are sharp, quickly repeated exclamations, varied by a few sweeter calls, and are well illustrated by the familiar chickadees (I'anis atricnpilliis, Hudsonius, and others), which are among the most characteristic of North American resident birds. Consult: Evans, Birds (London, 1900); and American ornithologies. TITMOUSE, Tittlebat. See Ten Thousand A Year. TITULAR BISHOPS (from Lat. tituliis, title, superscription, token). In the Roman Catholic Church, bishops other than diocesan, who take their titles from some formerly exist- ing but now extinct see. The practice of so designating them is due to the ancient principle of not consecrating bishops without a definitely assigned sphere of lal)or. With the multiplica- tion of suffragan and missionary bishops, some such system of nomenclature was uaturally, therefore, adopted. When the territorj' occu- ]iied b.y the Crusaders fell once more into Mo- hammedan hands, the expelled bishops were utilized in various parts of Europe, retaining their former titles; and these titles, with those of sees which broke away from communion with Rome in the great Eastern schism, are still em- ployed to designate coadjutor or missionary bishops. In England until 1S50. and in Scot- land until 1S78, the Roman Catholic bishops bore such titles, owing to legal and other diffi- culties in the way of assuming territorial titles. Titular bislinps were formerly often known as bishops in partibiis infidelium ; but in 1881 Leo XIII. abolished the use of this name, on the ground that many of these sees had come into the hands of States which, if not Catholic, were Christian, and that the designation was inap- propriate. See Suffragan. TI'TUS. One of the most trusted and de- voted of the disciples and fellow-workers of the Apostle Paul. Nothing is said of Titus in the Acts, and all we know of him is contained in scattered notices in Paul's Epistles, especially Galatians and II. Corinthians. He was of Gen- tile origin (CJal. ii. 3), converted to Christianity througb Paul ( Tit. i. 4 ) , and was one of the brethren taken along by Paul and Barnabas on their mission from the church of Antioch to the mother church of Jerusalem at the time of the Apostolic Council (c.49 a.d. ; cf. Gal. ii. 1 and Acts XV. 2). At .Jerusalem, though he was un- circumcised, he appears to have been allowed to mingle freely with members of the mother church. It is reasonable to suppose that lie re- turned to Antioch with Paul and aceomjianied him thence on his third missionary journey. From the notices in II. Corinthians we learn that he was sent by Paul from Ephesus on two, perhaps three, missions to Corinth, bearing let- ters and intrusted with the management of delicate and important business. In all re- spects lie was completely successful. The Co- rinthians contributed liberally toward the great collection Paul was raising for the .Terusalem church, willingly obeyed Paul's injunctions in regard to cases of discipline, and evidenced most
